The Great Love Story of Cupid and Psyche

The Importance of the Biology/Society Dualism to the...

The Importance of the Biology/Society Dualism to the Gendered Body The body has played an important part in sociology to explain the differences between the two sexes, and why these differences exist. A lot of social debate is about the relationship between the biological and the social. At one end of the debate there are those who see activities such as sexual behaviour entirely based on biology, they are called biological determinists who argue that there is biological bases for child rearing and different sexual orientations and also refer to pre- programmed behaviour. At the other end of the scale are those who see sexual and other kinds of behaviour as entirely social constructed, they see†¦show more content†¦The gendered body is not formed by society and discourses it is purely created due to the biological make up of the different sexes. Jordanova (cited in Shilling: 2003: 38) argues that the reproductive are what determine the gendered body and what determines the differences between males and females. The conditions of womens embodiment were ruled by natural cycles, which was concerned and based on pregnancy, childbirth and menstruation. This is a big difference to men, as they did not have any of this embodiments, mens embodiment allowed their minds a greater degree of freedom, This identifies that men had more access to pursue careers and be the breadwinner and work in the public sphere as women were unable to do this as their bodies functioned in a different way and things like pregnancy affect a womans ability to work and carry out tasks. This identifies that it is the biology of the different sexes that creates the gendered body. These views frequently favour men and it is to their advantage for example Murdock identifies that biological differences between men and women are the basis of sexual division of labour in society (1965: 124). HeShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmachine Level 3: ‘Get the structure and systems right so that all is in balance’ Level 4: ‘The machine is alive! – well, almost’ How modernist organization theory underpins conventional understandings of the relationship between organizations and society Is bureaucracy immoral? Form fits function: how modernist organizational theory challenges the relationship between individuals, groups and the organization through bureaucracy and hierarchy The virtuous bureaucracy Modernist themes in organizational

Tom Brady Biography Free Essays

There are many famous sports figures in the world today. Some are known as loud, obnoxious or stuck up. Tom Brady is non of these, Tom is a great person and athlete on and off the field. We will write a custom essay sample on Tom Brady Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tom was born in San Francisco on August 3rd in 1977. He was born into a very catholic family, his uncle was a priest and his father also considered being a priest. Tom is one of four children, he is the only boy, he has three sisters. Tom was a family type of guy, he went to church and after played golf with his father every week. Tom grew up playing mostly baseball and was very good at it. He didn’t even play football before high school. Tom went to a special high school for baseball. It ended up that’s where Toms football career would begin. He took an interest in football because he liked the feeling of being on a team, and bonding with the players. When he realized his high schools football team was in need of a quarterback, he tried out immediately. He went to a camp for quarterbacks, where he ultimately learned the basic skills of a quarterback. Brady had success as a high school quarterback, playing on team in a school that was known to be unsuccessful at football. When Brady graduated high school, he knew what he wanted to do was play football, not baseball. He struggled to find a college where he could have a legitimate chance to be a starting quarterback. Most collages turned him down because of his size, thinking he was to skinny, he was 5’9† 180 lbs. Brady tried to find a college near his home town San Francisco, but that didn’t happen. Tom was accepted a Michigan. He began his college career as the fourth string quarterback during his freshman year. His second year Tom ran into medical problems, he lost a lot of weight, dropping his weight to 160. That year he didn’t see significant playing time. Tom Bradys third year of college he was ready to compete for the starting QB job. He was competing with Brian Greise, son of famous NFL quarterback Bob Greise. In a very competitive competition, Brady clearly won, although it was said that Greise got the starting job because his father had something to do with it. Brady was clearly frustrated because he was clearly the better Michigan quarterback. His frustration mounted though out the season due to his lack of opportunity. In Toms fourth year Griese graduated and went to the NFL. The starting job was Toms. Although Tom was the starter, another Michigan quarterback controversy began. Michigan brought in what they though was an extremely talented and athletic quarterback in Drew Henson. Due to Henson’s high expectations, the Michigan coach devised a system in which Brady would start the first quarter and Henson would start the second and who ever played the best would finish the game in the second half. Obviously, this was a stupid idea and Brady hated it. But, Tom played through his frustration and won the job back as the full-time starter. To cap off this season Michigan went on to win the orange bowl under Bradys leadership. Following his final season at Michigan Brady graduated with a degree in organized business studies. Brady was always very focused in his studies , with reflects the countless hours he puts in watching film and studying the opponents defense. Brady was very devoted to being the best he could, doing everything he could to get better which separated him from several other college and even NFL players. The next portion of Bradys football career began with the NFL draft. Several teams didn’t want Brady, again, because he was skinny. The frustration mounted when Brady wasn’t drafted in the 1st,2nd, 3rd, 4th or 5th round. Tom was at home with his family, ready to leave, when he received a call from Bill Belicheck, telling him that he was selected by the New England Patriots in the 6th round the 199th pick overall. Toms first year with the patriots he was the 4th string QB, he worked with a group of rookies and the coaches saw a leadership quality he had. Brady, always a hard worker, attended all the off season work outs the following year and this showed another sign of his true determination. The 2001 season is when it really all began for Tom Brady. He started the season as the teams backup to Drew Bledsoe. In the second game of the season Brady had his first real chance to prove him self as an NFL QB. Drew Bledsoe was knocked out for weeks with an injury, clearing the way for Brady to the starter. Bradys transition to starter went smoothly, he and the whole team had a great relationship. Brady urged and motivated the players to work hard, and it paid off. All in the same season Brady lead the patriots to the Super Bowl. They were 12 point underdogs to the St. Louis Rams. Brady and the Patriots won the Super Bowl and this was the beginning of making him the icon he is today. Tom Brady is a true Legend already, only in his 7th NFL season. He has already won three Super Bowls, two super bowl MVPs and one NFL MVP. Tom Brady shows how devotion, hard work and dedication all can make dreams come true. Brady started off as a skinny quarterback who no one really wanted, he proved them all wrong by everything he did and is a true NFL legend. How to cite Tom Brady Biography, Papers

Communicable Disease for Staphylococcus Poisoning- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Communicable Disease for Staphylococcus Poisoning. Answer: The outbreak of Staphylococcus food poisoning when traced back with the two kitchen staffs. One was well but has positive pathogen detected in the nasal swab but other has a septic finger. (Derde, et al, 2014). Between the two one that is well and has positive swab infection is said to be colonized among the two carriers this is because the colonization of the microbes take place is that after infection even if it grows in the body, it do not cause any symptoms. If the syringe of H.I.V positive user is shared, then H.I.V will spread. The H.I.V virus is the source. Transmission of the disease occurs when any normal person uses the same syringe of the infected person. The latent H.I.V viruses have the reservoirs in the immune cells. The reservoirs can be found throughout the body including brain, lymph nodes, blood and even in the digestive glands. After entering the body the virus inserts their genetic blueprint, D.NA into the host immune cells such as the CD4 cells. It remains latent when it manufactures the proteins. After the proteins are produced, the immune system gets totally disrupted. In any endemic area, when other influences are equal, immunogenicity is inversely proportional to the transmissibility. This is because the speed with which the immunity develops in the population is inversely related. Immunogenicity is the ability of the organism to produce the immune response and provides shielding affect against reinfection. In endemic conditions the immunogenicity becomes thus inversely proportion to the transmission because as the immune response increase in a population, the less will be the expression of the infections and less will be the spread of the disease in a population. The reason behind the influence of the antigenic variation and the immunogenicity is that when antigenic variation occurs the pathogens can change their surface proteins in order to evade the immune response of the host (Coscolla et al, 2015). Antigenic variation not only causes immune evasion by the pathogens but also allows the re infection for the pathogens. This is because due to antigenic variation their antigens are no longer recognized by the host immune response. When any organism is exposed to any antigen then it produces antibodies and the immune response is generated. Thus with antigenic variation, there is the alteration of the proteins and carbohydrate molecules. If there is genetic variation, there will be the antigenic variation that will support the acquired immune response. Poliomyelitus is the virus transmitted infectious disease. This mainly affects the children. The virus is spread between the persons mainly through the faecal oral route as given in the case study. Since the virus invades the nervous system paralysis occurs. In the endemic case, it mainly affects a particular age group because at the age below 5 the children are in the process of acquiring immunity, as a result, the immune response is not that strong to resist the attack of the foreign pathogens of polio. However the pathogenicity does increase with age, Again infection is followed by lifelong strain specific immunity. The clinical and subclinical ratio will give the approximate estimation of the symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in a population for any endemic infectious disease. After knowing the scenario of hepatitis infection, it can be known that hepatitis mainly infects the adult population than the children. The spread of hepatitis A occurs widespread in the Australian and American adults in the workplace. So while advising the Community Aid Abroad, the protection of the overseas working environment, the preventive measures can be suggested to them (Mohd Hanafiah et al, 2013). The blood awareness alert which by making them know about the spread of the pathogen through the blood. They must be given advice on the use of protective barriers like the gloves, gowns, masks. The protective measures will reduce the risk of exposure of the health care workers skin or mucus membrane. For individual worker, they can be also given advice the use of protective barriers while working in the workplace. Sexually transmitted infections are blood borne and they are of significant health concerns in Australia. It is the part of continued response to the Western Australian Department of health. They update the clinical guidelines for the promotion of best practice for the management of health issues related to sexually transmitted. They provide specialized advice for the HIV and other STD (Villarino, et al, 2015). They contain the most updated version of the evidence based practice and recommendations that the professionals can launch to control the diseases. They provide the wide range of testing and treatment facilities (Des Jarlais et al, 2015). The blue book gives the guidelines for control of infectious diseases in Australia that has been published with the help of Communicable diseases prevention and control units of the Victorian department of Health that assist the practitioners of the health departments in control and prevention of the infectious diseases. They provide the guidelines of the requirements and the notification of cause of infectious disease. They even identify the infectious agents of the diseases (Sharland et al, 2016). The incubation period, reservoir, latent period, mode of transmission, the period of communicability, susceptibility, and resistance are given for any infectious disease. They inform about the control measures for patients and contact and the outbreak measures to prevent an endemic condition. The control of communicable disease manual is the book that refers to the identification and control of any infectious disease. The public health is always concerned with the control of communicable diseases. This will provide the most updated version of the control measures that can be taken to resist the outcome. This book very well explains the infection and transmission of the leading Zika virus that has developed recently. They will give the views in the strategic development of the guidance based latest science and help in managing the public health professionals. Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by the pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoea, the agent of the disease. This coffee bean shaped diplococci bacteria cause the pathogenesis in the environment through the sexually transmitted infection. The bacteria cause pelvic inflammation of women and causes infertility. The NT and STI Control of the guidelines recommend the antibiotic treatment which is immediate for the high risk and symptomatic people affected with Chlamydia and gonorrhoea, without the wait for the confirmatory tests to be done. This has helped to prevent the disease because the antibiotic kills the bacteria before it changes into its virulent nature after integrating its DNA prints into the host. The symptoms naturally develop not before 30 days. The latent period of the bacteria is due to the insertion of its genetic material into the host genome. But the prevention procedure has helped a lot to prevent the outcome of the disease as the pathogens will be killed beforehand and the symptoms will not emerge (Templeton et al, 2014). The two other control methods for STI, they are the use of latex condoms, avoid sharing of the towels, get tested for H.I.V. These can lot prevent the transmission of the sexually transmitted bacteria s most of the bacteria is transmitted by the fluid and blood contact with the infectious person. The increase of gonorrhea in the population may have been due to the sexual contact with the infected person and the antibiotic resistance of the bacteria (Ventola, 2015). The antibiotic resistance has failed to kill the disease in time as a result of the increase in infection, greater has been its transmissibility. Even the higher dose of ceftriaxone by injection and other antibiotics have not shown the preventive effects, as a result, the infectious disease ruled with pathogenesis and also became communicable. Disease number Non disease number Total Positive number 750 150 900 Negative number 50 9050 9100 total 800 9200 10,000 Sensitivity- 750/ (750+50) * 100 = 93.75% Specificity- 150/ (150+9050) * 100 = 1.63% Positive predictive value- 750/ (750+150) * 100 = 83.33% Negative predictive value- 9200/ (9200+800) * 100 = 92% The percentage of asymptomatics of women and men for gonorrhoea will give the ability to define the case in a population that is notified to get affected. It will give the warning system to detect the outbreak. It is a very practical approach to identify the communicable disease by increasing the number of false positive. Thus the percentages of the asymptomatic for the men and women will give the sensitivity in the surveillance of a disease. In the epidemiological characteristics, the apparent asymptomatic rates of men and women refer that women in the population are less affected than male. The male has the more chance in that population to be affected with gonorrhea. For sensitive case definition, the example for a communicable disease can be chicken pox and hepatitis. This disease surveillance is based on the proportion of actual cases in a population. For specific case definition, the communicable disease that can be used is H.I.V because it depends on the specific agent. It will give the more accurate description for the cases but at the expense of missing true cases. References Coscolla, M., Copin, R., Sutherland, J., Gehre, F., de Jong, B., Owolabi, O., ... Gagneux, S. (2015). M. tuberculosis T cell epitope analysis reveals paucity of antigenic variation and identifies rare variable TB antigens.Cell host microbe,18(5), 538-548. Derde, L. P., Cooper, B. S., Goossens, H., Malhotra-Kumar, S., Willems, R. J., Gniadkowski, M., ... Arago, I. (2014). Interventions to reduce colonisation and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in intensive care units: an interrupted time series study and cluster randomised trial.The Lancet infectious diseases,14(1), 31-39. Des Jarlais, D. C., Nugent, A., Solberg, A., Feelemyer, J., Mermin, J., Holtzman, D. (2015). Syringe service programs for persons who inject drugs in urban, suburban, and rural areasUnited States, 2013.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,64(48), 1337-41. Mohd Hanafiah, K., Groeger, J., Flaxman, A. D., Wiersma, S. T. (2013). Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: New estimates of age?specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence.Hepatology,57(4), 1333-1342. Sharland, M., Butler, K., Cant, A., Dagan, R., Davies, G., de Groot, R., ... Giaquinto, C. (Eds.). (2016).Manual of childhood infections: the blue book. Oxford University Press. Templeton, D. J., Read, P., Varma, R., Bourne, C. (2014). Australian sexually transmissible infection and HIV testing guidelines for asymptomatic men who have sex with men 2014: a review of the evidence.Sexual Health,11(3), 217-229. Ventola, C. L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats.Pharmacy and Therapeutics,40(4), 277. Villarino, M. E., Scott, N. A., Weis, S. E., Weiner, M., Conde, M. B., Jones, B. (2015). for the International Maternal Pediatric and Adolescents AIDS Clinical Trials Group (IMPAACT) and the Tuberculosis Trials Consortium (TBTC). Treatment for preventing tuberculosis in children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial of a 3-Month, 12-dose regimen of a combination of rifapentine and isoniazid.JAMA Pediatr,169(3), 247-255.

Female infanticide free essay sample

Overview: It is a deliberate and intentional act of killing a female child within one year of its birth either directly by using poisonous organic and inorganic chemicals or indirectly by deliberate neglect to feed the infant by either one of the parents or other family members or neighbours or by the midwife. Poverty, ignorance of family planning, cost of dowry, etc. have been reported as the possible causes for this crime. Dowry system has been prohibited by law since 1961. Pre-natal sex-determination was banned in India in 1994, under the Pre-conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act. Origin: This process began in the early 1990s when ultrasound techniques gained widespread use in India. There was a tendency for families to continuously produce children until a male child was born. The government initially supported the practice to control population growth. The Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act was passed in 1994, making sex-selective abortion illegal. We will write a custom essay sample on Female infanticide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was then modified in 2003 holding medical professionals legally responsible. However, the PCPNDT Act has been poorly enforced by authorities. Possible Findings: Since 1991, 80% of districts in India have recorded an increasingly masculine sex ratio with the state of Punjab having the most masculine sex ratio. [2] According to the decennial Indian census, the sex ratio in the 0-6 age group in India went from 104. 0 males per 100 females in 1981, to 105. 8 in 1991, to 107. 8 in 2001, to 109. 4 in 2011. According to 2011 Census, the rate at which the unborn female child is killed amounts to killing off 10,00,000 girls a year. (Source: satyameva jayate) Read more at: http://indiatoday. intoday. in/story/satyamev-jayate-aamir-khan-female-foeticide/1/187581. html In 2011, 15,000 Indian women were bought and sold as brides in areas where foeticide has led to a lack of women Foetal sex determination and sex-selective abortion by medical professionals has grown into a INR 1, 000 crore industry. Provisional data released by the census office shows that the child sex ratio (0-6 years) has declined to 914 girls for every 1,000 boys as compared to 927 in 2001. The divide between the north and south has got even starker with the child sex ratio in Jammu and Kashmir falling precipitously to 859, making it the third worst state after Haryana and Punjab. Report by BBC â€Å"India’s unwanted girls† http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-south-asia-13264301 Courtesy: bbc. co. uk As per the Indian Census 2011 report, the sex ratio of India (females per 1000 males) is as follows: Average India sex ratio – 933 Rural sex ratio – 946 Urban sex ratio – 900 State with highest female sex ratio – Kerala – 1058 State with lowest female sex ratio – Haryana – 861 Census ‘01 Sex ratio (females per thousand males) India 933 Rural 946 Urban 900 State with Highest Female Sex Ratio Kerala 1,058 State with Lowest Female Sex Ratio Haryana 861 UT with Highest Female Sex Ratio Pondicherry 1,001 UT with Lowest Female Sex Ratio Daman Diu 710 District with Highest Female Sex Ratio Mahe (Pondicherry) 1,147 District with Lowest Female Sex Ratio Daman (Daman Diu) 591 Census ‘11 Sex Ratio 940 females per 1000 males according to 2011 census Child sex ratio for females is 914 per 1000 males. (0-6 years) Sex ratio Kerala has the highest sex ratio; while Haryana has the lowest sex ratio among states and Daman Diu has the lowest among all states and territories. Child Sex Ratio : Mizoram Highest Haryana lowest State Women per 1000 men 2011 Women per 1000 men 2001 Increase in Sex ratio (Difference between 2011 and 2001) Kerala 1,084 1,058 +26 Haryana 877 861 +16 INDIA 940 933 +7 Articles: Prevention: Several NGOs work to create awareness on this issue. Some of them are: 1. The 50 Million Missing Campaign: Fighting Female Gendercide in India: The 50 Million Missing Campaign is a global campaign against female genocide in India. The aim of this blog is to raise public awareness about the systematic annihilation of more than 50 million women from India’s population in 3 generations, and the factors such as female feticide, infanticide and dowry murders that are at the root of it. 2. Laadli A Population First Initiative: According to them, their objective is, The objective of the One Million Signatures for the One Million Girls Missing is to get one million signatures against the practice of sex selection. This will help us advocate with all the stakeholder groups like the political parties, medical associations, government agencies, and others to implement the PCPNDT act effectively. It is also a means of creating mass awareness and raising public conscience against the reprehensible practice of sex selection. Female infanticide free essay sample Imagine a world with no women. There are no wives, no sisters, no daughters, and no mothers. Unfortunately, this world is on the brink of becoming a scary reality for Asian countries such as China and India. Due to attempts to control population and the low value associated with females in these societies historically and culturally, both China and India are now facing a serious gender imbalance. Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion are responsible for this gender imbalance. Due to the high occurrence of foeticides, infanticides, including new born neglect and abandonment, he world is currently deprived of over 100 million women. China and India alone are responsible for 80 million missing females. CHINA: In 1978 China introduced the one-child policy. The Chinese population was growing too fast and already was enormous. The government introduced this policy to slow down the growth of the population of China. This encouraged female infanticide even more. Before the introduction of the one-child policy female infanticide already existed. We will write a custom essay sample on Female infanticide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to a report, an interview with 40 women over age 50, who claimed to have given birth to 183 sons and 175 daughters, of whom 126 sons but only 53 aughters survived to age 10. By their account, the women had destroyed 78 of their daughters. To Chinese families the son is the most important child. They believe that the son can work, carry the family name and look after elderly parents. Only after the desire of having a son or two has been met, do Chinese families prefer having a girl. INDIA: In the global arena, India is indeed fast developing and is gradually becoming a force to reckon with and this makes us extremely proud. However, there are certain home truths we arent aware of or chose to turn a deaf ear to. Female infanticide is one of them. India as a country is steeped in patriarchal values and thereby continues to talk about the importance of raising a male child. The idea of the male child enwraps an image of future security, protection, wealth and prosperity. Only can a male child grow up to look after his family. Only can a male child protect his family. Women are simply viewed as commodities and properties belonging to men. Women are perceived to be a burden on the family. From the time she is born, the only way her physical being/existence is given meaning is by virtue of marriage. In the institution of marriage lies the salvation of the woman. In looking after her husband and bearing children lies her attainment of Nirvana. And with marriage comes the social evil of dowry (giving away lump sums of money and gifts during marriage) which continues to haunt families. A large population of India continues to struggle on a daily basis for its survival. In a situation like this, the additional appendage of giving dowry to the grooms family increases the misery of an already devastated financial situation of the average Indian family. female infanticide. Female infanticide free essay sample Imagine a world with no women. There are no wives, no sisters, no daughters, and no mothers. Unfortunately, this world is on the brink of becoming a scary reality for Asian countries such as China and India. Due to attempts to control population and the low value associated with females in these societies historically and culturally, both China and India are now facing a serious gender imbalance. Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion are responsible for this gender imbalance. Due to the high occurrence of foeticides, infanticides, including new born neglect and abandonment, the world is currently deprived of over 100 million women. China and India alone are responsible for 80 million missing females. CHINA: In 1978 China introduced the one-child policy. The Chinese population was growing too fast and already was enormous. The government introduced this policy to slow down the growth of the population of China. This encouraged female infanticide even more. Before the introduction of the one-child policy female infanticide already existed. We will write a custom essay sample on Female infanticide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to a report, an interview with 40 women over age 50, who claimed to have given birth to 183 sons and 175 daughters, of whom 126 sons but only 53 daughters survived to age 10. By their account, the women had destroyed 78 of their daughters. To Chinese families the son is the most important child. They believe that the son can work, carry the family name and look after elderly parents. Only after the desire of having a son or two has been met, do Chinese families prefer having a girl. INDIA: In the global arena, India is indeed fast developing and is gradually becoming a force to reckon with and this makes us extremely proud. However, there are certain home truths we aren’t aware of or chose to turn a deaf ear to. Female infanticide is one of them. India as a country is steeped in patriarchal values and thereby continues to talk about the importance of raising a male child. The idea of the male child enwraps an image of future security, protection, wealth and prosperity. Only can a male child grow up to look after his family. Only can a male child protect his family. Women are simply viewed as commodities and properties belonging to men. Women are perceived to be a burden on the family. From the time she is born, the only way her physical being/existence is given meaning is by virtue of marriage. In the institution of marriage lies the salvation of the woman. In looking after her husband and bearing children lies her attainment of Nirvana. And with marriage comes the social evil of ‘dowry’ (giving away lump sums of money and gifts during marriage) which continues to haunt families. A large population of India continues to struggle on a daily basis for its survival. In a situation like this, the additional appendage of giving dowry to the groom’s family increases the misery of an already devastated financial situation of the average Indian family.

Saipo The Project Identity

Saipo The Project Identity Mission The mission of Saipo Company is to provide people in developing regions with the products of the soap recycling process because of the observed lack of inexpensive hygiene products in many countries globally. Thus, the practical goal of the company’s work is to cooperate with soap producers round the world to recycle the leftover or expired soap materials to distribute the products in developing countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Saipo The Project Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brand Value Saipo Company focuses on providing the unique products and services which are interesting not only for the potential customers as the product’s target audience but also for the company’s partners and shareholders because of expanding the possibilities for combining the elements of profitable and charitable activities. Combining the efforts of giant producers of soap and contributing t o the increase of shareholders’ gains, Saipo is the potentially most recognizable producer of soap in developing countries because of the products’ availability and social mission. The customers’ perception of the brand depends on the actual provision of inexpensive soap products in developing regions to determine the market and target audience of Saipo products. Saipo explores the new market segment with the help of effective strategies. The brand recognition as well as brand value can be discussed as depending significantly on orienting to innovation and creativity along with following the people-oriented culture and strategy. The demand for hygiene products globally affects the unique mission of Saipo Company which is the contribution to improvement of living conditions in developing regions while affecting availability of soap products. The Impact of Readings To work out the effective name for a new company, it is necessary to focus on the creative approach. The role of creativity in the project identity and product development is emphasized in the research by Brattstrom, Lofsten, and Richtner. Thus, the research’s results influenced the process of developing the name and the further focus on the effective mission statement because the authors presented the detailed description of the product development process (Brattstrom, Lofsten, and Richtner 744).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, the development of a mission statement requires the concentration on the specific goals, functions, activities, and strategies followed and performed by the company. Paying attention to the research conducted by Cheung, Wong, and Lam, it is important to note that goal clarity and the focus on innovation along with creativity are the important factors to influence the brand’s success (Cheung, Wong, and Lam 690). That is why, these aspects should be taken into consideration while developing the effective mission statement. To develop the points associated with brand value, it is necessary to refer to the elements of the company’s organizational structure, culture, and performance in order to distinguish the aspects which contribute to the company’s uniqueness. The article by Cheung, Wong, and Lam and the research by Rauniar and Rawski are important to answer the questions about the Saipo Company’s mission, goal, and particular features of the enterprise’s performance with orienting to the profitable and charitable activities (Cheung, Wong, and Lam 690-691; Rauniar and Rawski 939). The readings on the aspects of the project development and specific organizational structures of companies to succeed within the market and industry are useful to decide what details should be accentuated in the mission and brand value statements to attract the target audience and poten tial investors. Brattstrom, Anna, Hans Lofsten, and Anders Richtner. â€Å"Creativity, Trust and Systematic Processes in Product Development†. Research Policy 41.1 (2012): 743-755. Print. Cheung, Sai On, Peter Wong, and Anna Lam. â€Å"An Investigation of the Relationship between Organizational Culture and the Performance of Construction Organizations†. Journal of Business Economics and Management 13.4 (2012): 688-704. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Saipo The Project Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rauniar, Rupak and Greg Rawski. â€Å"Organizational Structuring and Project Team Structuring in Integrated Product Development Project†. International Journal of Production Economics 135.1 (2012): 939-952. Print.

Current events paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Current events paper - Essay Example Managing adequate levels of inventory is important to ensure that the firm’s inventory balance does not hurt the cash position of a firm. In the retailing industry the merchandise in the shelves of the stores represent the inventory of the company. A way to reduce the cost of acquiring merchandise in the merchandising sector is by purchasing in bulk. Companies that purchase in bulk are able to achieve economies of scale. A way to reduce the risk of losing inventory due to fires, natural disasters, or theft is by purchasing insurance for the inventory of a company. The article Your Inventory is Your Cash: Handle With Care (4 Cost-Cutting Tips) discusses the effect and importance of inventory for companies in the industry. Smart use of inventory is an important factor that managers must consider. A lot of space, sales opportunities and cash are tied up on inventory. Storing adequate levels of inventory is important to achieve sales growth. â€Å"Smart use of inventory is vital for them and also for you, if you keep and store any kind of goods or supplies in the operation of your business† (Williams). Four strategies that must be used to manage inventory are frugality, cost tracking, inventory tracking, and sales monitoring. Proper management of inventory can increase the profitability and cash flow of a company. It is important to minimize the amount of slow selling products on inventory. Minimizing inventory saves warehouse space, prevents products from going bad, and it saves money. Tracking costs allows companies to establish appropri ate price levels for its customers. Monitoring costs gives managers the ability to identify areas for improvement. Tracking inventory can help a company determine the proper reorder point of inventory items. Sales monitoring gives the manager the ability to determine the adequate sales level when demand changes. Inventory management has become a critical

HR- Grievance and disciplinary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR- Grievance and disciplinary - Essay Example The two cases display the picture of what can happen in the real-life contract termination. There can be conflicts among the both parties which can potentially cost millions of pounds to the employer despite his efforts to prevent any breakdown in relationship with the workers and making sure that sanity surrounds the workplace and work environment. The best practice in employee termination is to give an employee proper warnings and compensation on his dismissal. Air Bus has rightly given the warning to Mr. Jones on his wasting time on work. He repeated his misconduct and one can say that Airbus was fair dismissing Mr. Jones. However, on the flipside of it there was no mention of any compensation paid to Mr. Jones. It has become an important norm for large employers like Airbus to pay around three month’s salaries to its employees in case of a dismissal. This would help the outgoing worker to sustain his family for the period for which he remains unemployed. However, there was no such mention of this kind of compensation payment in the case of Airbus and hence Mr. Jones can claim this compensation from the code. Although the law only asks for a lump sump payment, but the industry usually pays around three month’s salary and that should be paid to Mr. Jones. It was right on the part of Airbus to dismiss Mr. Jones a fter he was given second warning for wasting time on work. Although Mr. Jones insisted that the first warning has expired and hence Airbus Ltd cannot fire him. The law on the other hand would approve this firing because it was the second time Mr. Jones has made the same mistake and Airbus was right to penalize him. Hence, the only obligation on Airbus is to follow the market’s best practice and should compensate Mr. Jones for his services to the firm. The second case tells us about a strained relationship between the Chief Executive and Board of

High Speed 2 (HS2) (London Birmingham Phase) Assignment

High Speed 2 (HS2) (London Birmingham Phase) - Assignment Example High-speed rail is a type of transport mode, which uses electric rails to offer transport at a faster speed than the current carriage railway. It may have a speed ranging from 200km/h to 350km/h. The European Union considers high-speed railway to be equivalent to 200-300km/h, while in India and Australia they consider it 250-500km/h. In Japan, they have the 300km/h rails in operation. This type of train operates specifically on areas where there are minimum closings. Mostly high-speed trains are meant for human transport (Zhou and Shen, 2011). High-speed railway is an invention of the Japanese as Japan was the first country to design and use to help this form of transport to reduce congestion in their cities. They develop an electric rail, which was travelling at a speed of 145km/h. At that time, the Japanese engineers wanted to develop a form of train that was faster and reliable mode of transport to ease the congestion in cities of Tokyo and Osaka. In 1963, they were able to produce an electrical rail that operates at a speed of 256km/h, which was used including the time of Olympics in 1964. This train eased transport in Japan. In 1965, the Japanese and the French introduced a similar rail but United Kingdom became the first European country to have a regular service of rail, which travels at 200km/h in 1976.Since, then there has been a construction in various parts of Europe. There is also a construction of high-speed rail services between countries such as, Belgium, Britain, and France. There is a high-speed rail betw een London and Paris as well as Brussels –London (Zhou and Shen, 2011). Currently Japan and France are operating high-speed rails. France has a conventional rail, which operates at a speed of 575km/h. while France operates unconventional rail, which operates at a speed of 581km/h. China, which has the world largest population, has a rail that operates at a speed of 500km/h, and it became the

Debate on Auditor Independence

Debate on Auditor Independence Abstract Recently of corporate collapse in the US, Australia, and elsewhere, regulatory attention has been drawn to the published of auditor provided non-audit services (NAS) and audit client relationship. This assignment aims to debate on auditor independence by providing evidence regarding the relationship between non audit services and provide consulting services at a lower cost for their audit clients. In tracking the development and identify the key stages and the changes that took place in approaches to external auditing. The two listed companies selected for arguments are Enron Corporation versus Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Ltd. Enron Corporation (former NYSE ticker symbol ENE) was an American energy company based in Huston, Texas. It was one of the worlds leading electricity, nature gas, paper and communications companies.1 Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Ltd (Chartered) is one of the worlds top dedicated semiconductor foundries in Singapore. It provides comprehensive wafer fabrication services and technologies to semiconductor supplier and system companies. They are taken a reference for the arguments that influenced by the changes which have reported and analyses the effect. Research on non audit service provision impairs auditor independence, differential incentives drive auditor behavior. Introduction Auditor independence is a cornerstone of the auditing profession, a crucial element in the statutory corporate reporting process and a key prerequisite for the adding of value to an audited financial statement (Mautz and Sharaf, 1961). However, recent account scandals, involving corporations such as Enron in the US, HIH Insurance in Australia have cast doubt over the independence of auditors and overall value of auditing. These legislative interventions however have occurred despite limited and mixed empirical evidence of these proposed threats to auditor independence. Furthermore, some basic questions underlying this debate remain unresolved. For example, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ What factors influence a companys decision to purchase NAS from its incumbent auditor?2 The provision of NAS reduces investors judgments of auditor independence, audit quality and the attractiveness of the firm investment but not their auditor knowledge or financial statement reliability judgment. This assignment have consider two areas of literature which relating the theories and model of auditor independence. It also relevance on NAS found in current professional, regulatory frameworks, reviewed and summarized original theoretical and empirical studies but have excluded commentaries and opinion. The Big Five audit firms (Ernst Young, Arthur Anderson, Deloitte Touche, PricewaterhouseCoppers and KPMG) charger higher audit fees for initial engagement. It has prediction that where audit fees are disclosed publicly. The audit firms lower their audit fees to accept new clients when they also provide more lucrative non audit services. It is no actual loss of audit independence despite the loss of perceived independence of the Big 5 firms. The provision of NAS by audit firms for their audit clients are popular in the current market and continuous debate over auditor independence. NAS may include consulting service such as systems design, compliance-related service, taxation, book-keeping or other services relating to the accounting records or financial statement of the audit client; financial information systems design and implementation; actuarial service; internal audit outsourcing service; management functions or human resources; dealer and investment advisor The emerged from the Enron collapse has been the extent to which audit firms are providing NAS to their audit clients. The fees generated by NAS have been rising more rapidly than audit fees. This has led to widespread beliefs that provision of NAS can cause the auditors to compromise their independence. There are two main concerns which auditors may not stand up to management because they wish to retain the additional income from NAS which is in managements gift. Second provision of service to management may lead the auditor to indentify too closely with management and lose skepticism. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å" Contains the background and literature review à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å" Develops the hypotheses and research questions, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å" Contains the conclusions. Background and Literature Review Auditor must maintain independence in mental attitude in all matter relating to the assignment which stated by Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). Independence auditors furnish critical assurance that the financial statement have been examined by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an objective, impartial and skilled professionalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (SEC 2000,p.2). It look as a risk continue rather than an absolute and judgment about the seriousness of the threat to independence are balance against the effectiveness of the safeguards available. Independence maintained through external constraints (e.g, legislation and regulation) or through the profession itself which maintain the independence to preserve its market value (Kinney 1999). It appears uncertain of auditor ability to accept client pressure and emphasizing the effect of the economic interest. Its calls that consulting services as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the tail that wags the dogà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in the accounting industry (Investment New Article, Nov 20, 2000). The SEC announce the new rule that the auditor independence required to disclosure the audit fee in their proxy statement, the total fees billed for services rendered by the principal accountant (the external audit firm) disaggregated into three categories as audit services, information technology services and all other services. It reveals that nearly all firm purchase non audit services from their audit firm to their audit client. Although the big 5 auditing firm continue to maintain their independence is not impaired by these services , recently problems at Enron, WorldCom and other public firm brought accounting and auditing concerns to the attention of Congress and the public. Newly passed legislation prohibits NAS, including financial information services and internal auditing services (Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002). Non audit services (NAS) are defined as all services provided by an auditor that are not considered as an audit. The Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) reduce the number of non audit services that an auditor are required pre-approval by the audit committee of such extended engagement (Rouse, 2005). Most banned services related to consulting or advisory services that might create conflict of interests for independent auditors (Banham, 2003). The banned non audit services include: 1. Book-keeping or other services related to the accounting records or financial statements of the audit client. The auditor is considered not independent when he provides book-keeping services for audit client. It involves with an inherent conflict of interest, and auditor should examine accounting records or financial statements prepared appropriate. 2. Internal audit outsourcing services à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" under generally accepted auditing standards, the auditor is required to evaluate the effectiveness of internal control system over financial reporting, to create another example of conflict of interest. For example, Arthur Anderson provided the internal control function for Enron, before it was banned by 2000 SEC rule, and was blamed for not improving Enrons ineffective control system. 3. Expert services unrelated to audit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" providing an expert opinion or other expert service for audit client to advocating an audit client interests in litigation, regulatory, administrative proceeding and investigation. 4. Design and implementation of accounting information systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" its creating inherent conflict of interest as an auditor is required to evaluate the effectiveness of accounting system in designed or implemented. Installing a computerized accounting system for client was immensely popular consulting services in many big accounting firms. 5. Management functions acting temporarily or permanently, as director, officer, employee of an audit client in performing any decision making, supervisory or ongoing monitoring function for audit client. These services can provide by the incumbent audit firm or external audit firm. This research on auditor independence under these conditions identifies the following issues. The provision NAS likely lead to a lack of actual independence and therefore lead to audit failure. Hypotheses and Research One of the major public concerns which emerged from the Enron collapse has been the extent to which audit firms are providing non audit services (NAS) to their audit clients. In 1997, Enron engaged Arthur Andersen as its External Auditor. Subsequently, Enron appointed Arthur Anderson as consultant also. Enron paid Andersen $52 million in 2000 in both auditing and consulting services including development of computerized financial system for conducting Enrons internal audit, but majority for consulting services. There have been many criticize about the potential conflict of interest faced by audit firms who received large consultancy fees from their audit client (e.g. Financial time 2001a). Its expressed about how auditor with a statutory responsibility to company shareholders can handle a commercial relationship with the companys management and remain impartial (e.g. financial Times, 2001b). Andersen leaders responded by pushing partners to become salesman, its to upsetting the delicate balancing act any auditor must perform between a client and looking out for the public investor. Peoples have forgotten their significant responsibility not only to clients but also to investor, creditors and the public, etc. These issues by attacking the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“specific symptoms of the audit breakdown that occurred in the Enron Caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Gavious, 2007,pg458), Arthur Anderson whose Enron client found to have encouraged clients to use accounting techniques to mislead and deceive the market (Gavious,2007). Enron select to use a method of fair value accounting that misleading, overstated profits in the current period. These accounting techniques were employed by Enron on the advice of Arthur Anderson and it was the employment of these techniques that ultimately led to the organisations collapse (Benston, 2006) . Due to IT and other frauds which investors lost confidence in market (Crasewell, 1999). Its beliefs that provision of NAS cause the auditors to compromise their independence. Andersen has been severely criticised for significant economic and its independence has been questioned form two point of view à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" significant economic dependence on Enron due to the party designing accounting and tax structures, and therefore it could not express an objective view on Enrons results. The two main concerns are auditor may not stand up to management because they wish to retain the additional income from NAS which is in management gift, and second the provision of a range of services to management may lead the auditor to identify too closely with management and lose skepticism. Thus, auditor independence is fundamental to public confidence in the audit process and reliability of auditor report. However, the problem facing the auditing profession is not a lack of actual independence and objectivity rather it is the lack of confidence in financial statements. Public confidence in a companys financial statements will only be achieved by companies remaining completely separate to their audit firms (Ronen and Cherny,2002). Thereby increasing the auditors perceived independence. While Chartered engagement of KPMG as its external auditor to perform non audit services which management must consider the actual, perceived and potential impact upon the independence of external audit prior to engaging external audit to undertake any non audit services. Chartered have established the Audit Committee of the Supervisory Board (Audit Committee.) to oversight of Companys financial position. Its responsible to supervising the operation of the internal risk management and control system, codes of conduct, compliance with recommendation and observation of internal and external auditor. In contrast, audit committee of Chartered have to consider whether the provision of such non audit services is compatible with maintaining the external auditors independence, by obtaining assurance and confirmation that the additional services provided by external auditor are not in conflict with the audit process. The audit committee has authority in independent audit are to be-approved with information sufficient to enable Audit Committee to know as follows: the precisely what services it is being asked to pre-approved, know that any non audit service to be performed is a permissible non audit service made a well-reasoned assessment of the impact of the proposed service on the auditor independence. The external auditors are prohibited from providing specified non audit service contemporaneously with providing audit services to Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing, including:- bookkeeping or services related to accounting records or financial statements financial information system design and implementation internal audit outsourcing services legal services an expert service unrelated to the audit Audit committee has clarified and added further prohibited activities for the external auditor. By focus of the importance of Audit Committee in control and supervise the activities of the external auditors. This section, Audit Committee is the plans to strengthen the independence accountants are truly independence thus and will give greater credibility to audits. In this research, Enron should have formed an audit committee to oversight the company and prevent any fraud which collapse to bankruptcy which compare with Chartered, although the audit firm provide non audit services, but they have a stronger and capability audit committee to oversight the company financial position. Conclusion In the debate on auditor independence, the first matter that is usually raised is the provision of non audit services to audit client. To be able to perform their task of providing independence and objective assurance to shareholders, auditor must act independently. It is argued that by providing non-audit services to the audit client, the auditors independence and objectivity is impaired. In term of codes of ethics all over the world, it is not only necessary for auditors to be independence, but there is also a need for auditors to be seen to be independent, and even a perception of a conflict can compromise his or her position. It behooves the auditor therefore never to get into such a situation. If one examines the research, there is little empirical evidence that proves that the provision of non audit services actually impairs independence, but one must concede that it is difficult to prove. Recent corporate failures have brought this issue very much under the spotlight again. As a profession, we should not underestimate the public feeling and the strong view held by governments on this issue. The rule of fundamentally change the way auditing profession does its business as following: Fundamental shift in regulating accounting industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" from the primarily self-regulated environment to public regulation approach. A new set of independence rules and regulations affects the accounting profession directly in performing audit engagement. A new independent public oversight board now has the direct authority to police audit process, auditing standards, and disciplinary measure on auditors, including registering public accounting firms that issue audit report for publicly(trade companies), establishing auditing, quality control, ethics, independence, and other standards relating to the preparation of audit reports conducting inspections of registered public accounting firms conducting investigations and disciplinary proceeding and imposing appropriate sanctions on audit firms and auditors. An independent oversight board (IOB) set up by Andersen in the US , after the Enron problems emerged but before the firm collapsed, recommended that some consulting services provided by the firm should be separated into partnerships managed independently form audit partners and without financial independence to audit clients. Recommendation was strengthen of internal quality control over auditing thought out the firm. Beside this its create an independent regulatory oversight agency for accounting industry. Now no truly independent agency with the authority, power or will to enforce penalties against illegal. While the Public Oversight Board was a nominally independent private body that set standards for the industrys self-regulatory schemes, it was never truly independent. The finding comes from the America Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Thus, in summary I conclude that since such evidence as there is indicates that there is no correlation between levels of non-audit fee and audit failure, comprehensive safeguards are already applied, and rigorous separation of non-audit services seems likely to increase the cost and reduce the quality of the audit, the suggestion should not be pursued. Assuming no undue overall economic dependence results from the auditor/client relationship and adequate safeguards can be implemented, we believe that companies themselves should determine whether they use auditors for non audit services, in consultation with the professions guidelines. References 1. Enron profile Available at : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron 2. Ashbaugh, H.,R.LaFond,and B.Mayhew.2003. Do non-auidt services compromise auditor independence? Further evidence. The Accounting Review 78: 611-639.

Averting Problems in the New Millennium Essay -- Technology

Averting Problems in the New Millennium As we approach the end of this century, many people have raised concerns regarding the serious issues surrounding the Y2K problems. Although no one knows precisely what will happen on January 1, 2000, the general opinion is that Y2K related problems will cause failures of basic services including utilities, water and phone service. Contrary to popular opinion, I believe that the Y2K problems will have more of a positive effect on our society because it has caused us to analyze more carefully, the data and the technology we rely on in everyday situations. In addition, the new millennium will usher an era of tremendous opportunities for technological advancements in our society. In other words, the current preparations to avert a Y2K crisis, has given us an advantage which will minimize technological breakdowns in the future and create new technology which will ensure a relatively smooth transition into the new millennium. The main focus of our concerns regarding the Y2K crisis is the fact that we know precisely when it is scheduled to begin and "this appointment with destiny cannot be postponed or avoided" (Jeffrey 10). During the past eighteen months, we have been bombarded with extensive information in the media regarding the Y2K problem including predictions on how it will impact our society. This problem can be traced back to approximately forty years ago, when programmers in the fledging computer industry made a fateful decision to save memory and space by recording year dates with only two digits. Unfortunately, no one anticipated that these early computer programs and mainframes would still be using these systems in 1999. As a result, this technological glitch may cause compute... ...other utilities, hopefully for short periods and the worst case scenario, could be a few weeks. However, these incidents will not translate into doomsday proportions and will not mean the "end of the world" as we know it. There is less reason to panic over Y2K because unlike the many natural disasters that we experienced in the United States we were able to proactively address this crisis. I am certain that we will witness one of the best New Year's Eve celebration in this century as the Waterford crystal ball is expected to drop and glow " 2000" in brilliant lights and the city lights will stay on. Works Cited Gould, Stephen Jay. Questioniung the Millennium. New York: Harmony Books, 1999. Seymour, Jim PC Magazine. "The Year 2000 Countdown" New York: April 1999. Jeffrey, Grant R. The Millennium Meltdown. Toronto: Frontier Research Publication, Inc., 1998.

Anthem Essay Outline

Is it due to error, incompetence, or a more sinister motivation? Explain. II. The Solution A. Objectivism 1 . Objectivism is the belief that certain things, especially moral truths, exist independently of human knowledge or perception of them. 2. Objectivism, as defined by Any Rand in the book Objectively Speaking is that man exists for his own sake, that he must neither sacrifice himself to there nor sacrifice others to himself and that his highest moral purpose is the achievement of his own happiness.This shows that man exists for himself and that his greatest value is the achievement of his own value, or happiness. Objectivism is a near synonym for individualism and a near opposite of collectivism. B. Collectivism 1 . The society portrayed in the novel Anthem is one where collectivism is the main form of government. The word â€Å"l† is destroyed and substituted for the words â€Å"us† or â€Å"we†. This shows that Collectivism is an evil which will create a d yspepsia society similar to the one described in Anthem. . Collectivism shows that people exist for the society and this causes jobs to issued not to the ones most skilled in the field but because of the need for the job in society. For example, in the novel Anthem Equality, a man with a high intelligence is given a small position or post of â€Å"street sweeper†. Here street sweeper, is one of the jobs society requires so goals can be reached and the needs of society are answered.Equality exhibits objectivism which is detailed in the previous paragraph, and because of this he is assigned this position. This shows the true purpose to why Equality is assigned this occupation. C. Freedom 1 . Another reason why the Council assigns Equality this loathsome occupation is because of Equality idea of freedom. This is frequented illustrated throughout the novel: â€Å"l do not surrender my treasures, nor do share them. The fortune of my spirit is not to be blown into coins of brass a nd flung to the

The eNotes Blog Nobel Prize in Literature 2017 KazuoIshiguro

Nobel Prize in Literature 2017 KazuoIshiguro Kazuo Ishiguro’s Novels British novelist Kazuo Ishiguro was recently awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the highest award a literary author can receive. It is given not for a single piece, but for the collective work throughout an author’s career. The organization that selects the recipient, The Swedish Academy, stated that Kazuo Ishiguro is a writer â€Å"who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world.† Recently, the award has been given to authors whose literary medium is considered rather unconventional for the literature prize. For example, in 2016 it was given to Bob Dylan for his songwriting and in 2015 to Svetlana Alexievich, an investigative journalist. This year the award has returned to a novelist on the merit of pure literary talent. Born in Nagasaki, Japan, Kazuo Ishiguro moved to Britain with his family when he was five years old. He graduated from the University of Kent and went on to receive his MFA from the University of East Anglia. He has written seven novels, and while they all have vastly different storylines, common themes arise in many. Ishiguro stated in an interview that â€Å"[he’s] written all these books about individuals struggling with their personal memoriesand not knowing when to hide from their past and when to confront their past for some sort of resolution.† Themes of regret, loss, and acceptance can be found in almost all his works, pushing emotional boundaries and creating emotional experiences for readers. Ishiguro’s diverse novels use elements of dystopian, mystery, fantasy, and historical fiction. If you’re just starting to discover his works, let’s look at a brief introduction of some of of Ishiguro’s novels. Kazuo Ishiguro’s Novels A Pale View of the Hills Ishiguro’s first novel is about Etsuko, a Japanese woman living in Britain. With the recent suicide of her daughter, she dwells on her memories from Japan during World War II. Ishiguro begins to blur past and present with varying storylines, forcing a reluctant Etsuko to confront her memories and the reality of them. An Artist of the Floating World Artist Masuji Ono vowed to never devote his art solely to the physical beauty of the world around him. Now, in Japan after World War II, a mature Ono must reflect on his changed views towards art and the direction his career path has taken. In doing so, he ruminates on life decisions, revealing not only his triumphs but also his faults. The Remains of the Day Set during World War II in England, Stevens- the â€Å"perfect† butler- remains fiercely loyal to his master. At the end of three decades of service, he must reflect on the true character of his master, the meaning of â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad,†, and who he really is. Ishiguro claims that the book is about the tragedy of a man who takes that thing too far, who somehow denies himself the right to love and be human.† The Unconsoled Renowned pianist Ryder is in a central European city that he can’t remember the name of, playing at a show he can’t remember agreeing to. A novel that explores what happens when a man’s life accelerates far too quickly, Ishiguro explores yet again the confrontation between a character and the reflection of his current life. When We Were Orphans Christopher Banks is a famous London detective, famed for his ability to solve confounding and high-profile mysteries. However, there is one case he cannot solve: the disappearance of his own parents in Shanghai when he was a young child. Set during the interwar years between Shanghai and London, When We Were Orphans scrutinizes memory and explores the need for return in a gripping and poignant way. Never Let Me Go Kathy reflects back on her seemingly idyllic childhood when she went to boarding school in England. Using elements of science fiction, Ishiguro delves into a thoughtful character analysis in which Kathy learns to realize the meaning of friendship, love, and the fragility of life. On Winning the Nobel Prize On winning the prize, Ishiguro had the following to say: â€Å"[A]mazing and totally unexpected new for me. It comes at a time when the world is uncertain about its values, its leadership, and its safety. I just hope that my receiving of this huge honor will, even in a small way, encourage the forces of goodwill and peace at this time.† photo via The New York Times With the rise of technology and social media, our attention spans have shortened significantly. Reading novels requires an immense amount of thought and focus, but the benefits of reading fiction are unparalleled. Ishiguro’s novels, and other works of fiction in general, provide us insight into the trials and tribulations of the human experience. (Cover photo via  The New Yorker)

Response Essay Sample on #8220;My Career Path to Accounting#8221;

Response Essay Sample on #8220;My Career Path to Accounting#8221; Career Path for Accounting Studies It is always so hard to give the exact number of people who have majored in accounting, but one thing that I know is that the demography is very wide and large. This is because they have different reasons for majoring in this career path. The most common reason to all people is because accounting is a marketable career and they merely want to find a job. The number of people majoring in this field is growing immensely and the most important thing is to consider the main reason of joining this profession. Some people will claim that when they were in high school, this was their best subject and they loved it and so they will need to major in it. I believe the best reason for majoring in accounting is because it has wide varieties of career path that one can major in. People should understand that this field is not all about debits and credits. It is more of a communicating language in the world of business and this is why many chief executive officers hold a degree in this field. In t he day today life it is usually one of the most common undergraduate degree programs. The most important thing is to make certain that all of the people who are in this profession understand business and that is why many people who have ventured in accounting always have considerations for such posts. The most interesting part of this career choice is that most of the time the people who venture into it will always have the best job positions waiting for them because many people always have a notion that it is a difficult discipline. The employment opportunities are abounding for the graduates majoring in accounting. The government figures shows that at least 1.2 million of jobs are held by accountants every year. According to the Feldmann, 2009 and also the survey done by the Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA, 2000) the graduates are declining but after revisiting their research in the year 2005, it reflected an increase in number of the accountant graduates. This ha s become a relief to many accounting recruiters. According to the 2007 Employment dynamics and growth expectations (EDGE) 57% of the hiring managers have a difficulty when hiring qualified staff. This call for a necessity of accounting graduates, which fortunately is increasing day after the other as the business enterprises increase. After attaining a degree in this sector, most of the students always opt to become public accountants as the first career choice. The choice of either taking job as a private accountant depended on the fact that they had to make choices among the salary values offered to them. None of them like to work in the non profit organizations. They also venture to work in a CPA company because this will give them an opportunity to venture in areas that they want to experience especially in the write up sector and auditing. This will offer them the necessary experience and that is one of the things that have invigorated so many students in venturing in the public sector option. One may also opt to venture in the private sector which is immensely lucrative. Some of the student will always like to work for the company which is rising up in this sector, but this will be determined by the level of research one is willing to do. This will give them a chance to grow and nurture their career paths in different sectors. I would advise the graduates to incline towards the public sector especially the government and non profitable sector which will provide them with the best job security even if the salary is low. There are several things that an accountant can do after they have completed their undergraduate degree. One can choose to specialize in different areas of this field, but most of all have the kind of skills that can enable them in doing so. One of the areas that is very common for people who have done accounting. Auditing is one of the areas that one can venture in. It is one of the basic areas that people have chosen to build their careers in. This kind of job involves checking of ledgers and financial statements for an organization so as to determine if they are making losses and are they spending the cash that has been allocated to them accordingly. In the era that we are in today, the work of this nature has been automated and mostly they just need to key in the values accordingly and they are going to get the right kind of statement. They ensure that the values that are presented are for the financial year contains the right values. Accounting career paths are very varied and this is why many a times one has to consider the path that they want take. Many people after they have cleared school do not have an impression where to flinch their careers but the many options have in these career paths that can be taken. Book keeping is another thing that they can do. These are the people who keep records of invoices, payments and other revenue coming for a company or an individual. In many cases they will always want to venture in this area accordingly. Another area, which they would venture in is becoming general accountants. This is almost the same to a book keeper, but they make accruals and the necessary adjustments in the accounting records. In the large organizations, they are usually placed in departments like human resources department dealing with the payment of the staff. Another area is when one becomes a controller. These are the people who are responsible for the accounting department. They usually work in the public sector but also venture in the private sector and they are usually in charge of cash flow for the organization. For one to reach to such a position, one must work and put a lot of determination in the work that they do. The other job, which is available for them is becoming a forensic accountant. These are the people who work with the government or the persons who are accountable for auditing and investigating crimes which are related to accounting frauds and other related things. These people should ensure that they posses some level of law knowledge because this will assist them in identifying areas which have been altered and assist in prosecution of the culprits. A budget analyst is another thing that they can do. This is because they are able to interpret many things, which are recorded in the budget. This is a very crucial and involving work because they are the people who are responsible in the making of financial plans for businesses and other organizations especially the government agencies and other non profitable organizations. The professionals who have taken up these works can take up these jobs in both the private and the public sectors. The people who take these kinds of jobs should be very innovative when it comes to the negotiation process and that is why they should have good personal and interpersonal skills. Financial accounting is another sector that one can venture in. These are the persons who are accountable for the preparation of financial statements of the available businesses or any enterprise. These are the persons who are used to make decisions when there is a merger which is going to take place in any company. This is because these people Are gifted to study the fiscal statements of the two companies and determine if there is a need for merger and if one of the companies is taking advantage of the other or not. They are also responsible for forecasting to determine the returns that will be experienced by the companies when they merge. It is important to make sure that these people are responsible for the financial and accounting processes. Management accounting is a very busy position in any organization. This is why many people are able to have the kind of decisions that are deterministic in the process of capital budgeting and the area of analysis of contracts. Control on bus inesses on the expenses and the cost analysis is done by these people. They usually make sure that they work in close contact with the people responsible for the marketing sector since they assist in a big way when it comes to the making decisions which are good for the welfare of the company. Taxation is another area which they can take up. This is for persons who would like to become tax accountants. These are the people who work for both companies and individuals. They usually prepare statements which either for a corporation of personal income. It is a boost for the individual who is doing this kind of work to have good knowledge background of the necessary kind of economics which is being used by these people. Accountants are also responsible for advising individuals when it comes to venturing in different kinds of businesses. This is because they are the people who have the knowhow on the issues that are present and current in the business world. It is very good to ensure that the people who need services can be given independent and privately. Budgeting and other issues, which are associated with the business are given and offered to the people accordingly. This is very usual for the companies which need a lot of desecrate business especially those that are being fa ces with of competition. They need individuals who are trustworthy and can be able to keep a secret and the customer’s information private. Some individuals have also opted to continue with their studies even after becoming qualified accountants. They continue for MS to become licensed, Certified Public Accountants. This is a person who is approved by the state to finance financial information in the public companies to give accurate results. These are the individuals qualified to start their own auditing firms if they do not a favouring or well paying job opportunity (Felix 2010, 56). Thus the study found it advisable for the accountant graduates to continue to this level for better and higher chances of employment opportunities and also private or self employment enterprises. The study realized various career choices coincide with the accountant career path. Though the rate of accountant graduate seems to increase year after the other, the job opportunities are also increasing since many people are venturing to businesses which requires accountants to deal with the financial analysis. Each and every sector starting with the individual enterprises, the public, private and nongovernmental organizations cannot be successful without the accountants. These are important personnel since every business is after making profits and thus accounting careers like the auditing department are important to examine whether the business profitable or not. The private and public sectors also requires accountant staffs that are qualified to analyze their financial status and thus, realizing on the areas that needs improvement. Some students lack the opportunity of joining any of the discussed careers especially because of some issues like corruption and high competition. Ne vertheless such students are not supposed to be frustrated but to come up with other activities that utilize their qualifications. A number of graduates who have lacked a position in the public, private, or the non profit organizations have started their own auditing firms. They run their own business as private auditors and are employed casually by these organizations. Other graduates have set their small microfinance businesses. These are industries which are growing at a high rate. For the qualified accountants their operations are easy and beneficial. These enterprises have become common in the rural areas and in areas with small scale business. Some of the accountants are joining hands to operate such businesses as partners. Some of these enterprises have grown to become Sacco’s and eventually banks. continue for MS to become licensed, Certified Public Accountants. This is an individual who is licensed by the state to finance financial information in the public companies to give accurate results. These are the individuals qualified to start their own auditing firms if they do not a favouring or well paying job opportunity (Felix 2010, 56). Thus the study found it advisable for the accountant graduates to continue to this level for better and higher chances of employment opportunities and also private or self employment enterprises. For people who have advanced in these areas and actually had the best payment package compared to having a degree alone. This is why I would advice many people to make sure that they have taken the issue of taking CPA in an extra way to be able to make more money and have better jobs. Many people who have licences and certifications are able to have the best things in the career paths toward getting the best jobs possible. Every qualified accountant expects a salary that is higher than for any other undergraduate from a number of business schools. There is also an expectation of initiation into an exclusive professional club of the practicing accountants. This is a symbolic status that makes one feel to have an important and recognized rank in the society. Unfortunately these expectations are rarely met in the current society. Quite a number of students have joined the account career. This is making this field to have more than the required participants. In other words the supply is overtaking the demand. With high expectations of having a unique status, what happens when one fails to achieve this goal? One is also interested with the queries like where an accountant career path can lead one to or if there are there other industrial areas related to accountant career that such a graduate could get involved to utilize his knowledge. For students who are clearing from the universities i would advise that one who is trying to learn about a good accounting career path should have a wide variety of choices especially if he has a degree in accounting. One’s initial selection depends on the feeling about a primary direction that he believes is of interest to him. There are various general areas where one can choose to work in for instance private, public, government linked, or the non profit making organizations. For newer graduates, it is advisable to work with a CPA firm since it gives an opportunity to examine a number of industries and experience of both the audit and write up functions. One may also decide to join a private sector which is more beneficial, nevertheless it is advisable to first investigate on any industry that lies as a choice and go for the one that is fast growing. This gives an opportunity for expansion of ones career and thus wider rooms for advancement. Where one is inclined in a public service or a career in a government or non profit making organizations, one gets a good chance of exploring in various issues and can easily make changes which are beneficial to a the whole society or even the nation. All the government offices, in all departments, require accountant personnel that are talented. These offices include the FDIC, IRS, Comptroller of the currency, General services administration, military branches departments, health ministries, environmental ministries, to mention but a few. Any accounting working area, be it in government, public, or private sectors, will always lead to an interesting financial rewarding and beneficial careers. Tho ugh some of these careers overlap they vary in focus and lead to a challenging, professional life. In conclusion I would say that Accounting is a career that moulds accountants; these are persons that are responsible in the provision of data that is mainly required to make an assessment on the future and current economic activities. Accountants performs various duties, which include planning tax strategy, calculating the computing cost, preparation of financial statements, developing information technology, measuring financial performance, to mention but a few. This suggests that there are various and different accounting career paths which are beneficial in one way or another and can fit different people. Though some of them overlap, each of them has a specific focus. For successful career people should be able to do the best that they can do to advance this sector. Many technological advances have been made to ensure that these people who take up this course are able to save time and actually do their work better too.

Fashion Istitute of Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fashion Istitute of Technology - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Istitute of Technology" explores the Fashion Merchandising Management in the FIT. The use of the right colors and sketching has since been my passion. The details involved in every art work amazed me and that sowed the initial seeds of my interest in the field of fashion. Thus it was this interest in fine arts and detailing, which I had acquired at a very early age that instilled a sense of fashion within me. It subsequently urged me in my later years to take up designing as my field of study in my university study programme. I successfully completed a four year major course in interior design at the Udmurtskij State University, which is in my home town Izhevsk, Russia. This course helped me to study the detailing and finer aspects of fashion. Though it was pertaining to interior design the course however, gave me a broader perspective about fashion designing. Additionally, the course also included management concepts and helped me realize the importance of managem ent in the fashion industry. Later on, when I moved to the US and took up a bartending job initially, I got the opportunity to mingle with people and improve my basic communication skills. It was then I realized that I had a flair for communication and an interest to work with people. The job taught me people management and the different ways to interact with people. Though I had deviated from my interest of work, the bartending job gave me a first course in management. My decision to take up a course in fashion.

Controversial topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Controversial topic - Essay Example Regarding effects due to gene-flow, the EPA showed in 2010 that 83% of wild or weedy canola contains genetically-modified herbicide-resistant genes that were linked to GMO canola crops [2]; if the canola plant were a â€Å"pest plant†, this could hurt the environment Insect-resistance strains significantly decrease pest populations while increasing non-pest insect populations; insect-resistant strains also decreased the amount of pesticides used – and their negative effect on the environment – by 15%, in 2006 [3] Also, not as much resistance as might believed: a series of studies from the Pew Institute showed that most Americans do not support the banning of GMO foods, but instead want the safety of the foods highly regulated [6] End with quote from economist Paul Collier, of Oxford University: â€Å"Genetic modification is analogous to nuclear power: nobody loves it, but climate change has made its adoption imperative.† [7] In this case, increasing world population, combined with decreasing farmable land, may make the adoption of GMOs inevitable. So, let’s fund more research and oversight of GMO

Proportion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proportion Paper - Essay Example for a proportion, sample size required for a proportion, confidence interval for the difference of two proportion, comparison of a proportion with hypothesized proportion, and comparison of two proportions will be discussed. Central Limit Theorem (CLT) for a Proportion state that â€Å"As sample size increases, the distribution of the sample proportion p = x/n approaches a normal distribution with mean Ï€ and standard deviation.† The statistic p = x/n is assumed normally distributed when the sample is large. A conservative rule of thumb that normality may be assumed whenever nÏ€ ≠¥ 10 and n(1 − Ï€) ≠¥ 10. This rule requires a very large sample size to assume normality when Ï€ differs greatly from 0.50 (Doane & Seward 2007). Using the Central Limit Theorem, the probability that a sample proportion will fall within a given interval can be stated. The confidence interval for a population proportion, Ï€ at a given confidence level (1 – ÃŽ ±) is given by The value of z can be obtained using normal table (Z table) or using Excel function NORMINV(ÃŽ ±/2). The width of the confidence interval for a population proportion, Ï€ depends on the sample size, confidence level (1 – ÃŽ ±), and the sample proportion p. The estimate of difference and standard deviation of two-population proportion can be given by and , respectively. Using this estimate, a confidence interval for the difference of two population proportions, (Ï€1− Ï€2), is given by For normal sampling distribution, the test statistic for the hypothesis test will be z score. This test statistic is compared with critical value of z score at the selected level of significance, ÃŽ ± for retaining or rejecting null hypothesis (H0). The test statistic for a population proportion with hypothesized proportion Ï€0 is the difference between the sample proportion p and the hypothesized proportion Ï€0 divided by the estimated standard error of the proportion (denoted ÏÆ'p) as given below The assumptions of comparison

Gregor Mendel Biography Essay Example for Free

Gregor Mendel Biography Essay His first conclusion was his Law of Segregation, which said that dominant and recessive traits are passed down randomly from parents to offspring. He also provided and alternate way of heredity through his Law of Independent Assortment, which established the idea that traits were passed down independently from traits from parent to offspring. Although his work was overlooked for some period of time, his work later became appreciated by biologists and botanists who were also doing work on heredity. Mendel’s work became the basis and formed the foundation of genetics, in the study of heredity. Although all his work was done through experimentation with pea plants, his laws can be applied on all living organisms that exist today. With his work, people have been able to create anything as crops resistant to harsh weathers reducing the risk of famine, and been able to modify certain traits not just in agricultural life to our benefit. In medicine, doctors have been able to practice preventative medicine now that they know that certain people are at risk for certain diseases. There’s a lot more things, just think how much Mendel’s help at understanding heredity has benefited the human race. Gregor Mendel was born Johann Mendel on July 22, 1822, to Anton and Rosine Mendel, on his family’s farm in Austria. He was given the name Gregor later on in life when he joined the St. Thomas Monastery in Brno. Once his brilliance was noticed by his local school teacher, he was sent to a secondary school in Troppau to continue his education. The Mendels were somewhat poor, but they were able to find enough money for his tuition. It was a hard strain on the family, and also a hard experience for the young Gregor Mendel who suffered of depression, but that didn’t keep his from excelling in his studies, and he graduated in 1840 with honors. He wanted to continue his education, and so he enrolled at the Philosophy Institute of Olomouc. After two years, he was recommended by one of his teachers to go to the St. Thomas Monastery, where he was seen to be of worth to become a monk by the head of the monastery. Here was where he adopted the name of Gregor, to follow tradition. Even after joining the monastery at the age of 21, Gregor further pursued his education and went to the University of Vienna to continue his studies in science, at the monastery’s expense. Here he studied physics and mathematics under Christian Doppler, the same man that the Doppler effect wave frequency was named after. After finishing his studies in 1853 he came back to the monastery, and began teaching secondary school for about a decade, which is where he began most of his experiment which he is best known for. Mendel did not begin his work on heredity using pea plants, but rather with mice. It was on mice on who he began his first experiments, due to his interest in the inheritance of the color of mice coats. He kept doing so until the head of the monastery, Abbot Nap, suggested that looking at mice mate wasn’t the best task for a religious Catholic monk, and so he switched to plants. Mendel chose to use pea plants for his experiment because offspring could be quickly produced, and so he didn’t have to wait too long for them to grow. He cross fertilized pea plants that had opposite characteristics, such as tall with short, smooth to wrinkled, and those containing green seeds with those containing yellow seeds. It is here where he reached to his two most famous conclusions: The Law of Segregation, and the Law of Independent Assortment. Even though Mendel himself believed that this only applied to certain species and certain traits, it became the theory that this applies to all existing organisms. When he was older Mendel became having problems with his eye sight, which kept him away from continuing his experiments. He died on January 6, 1884 at the age of 62. His funeral was well attended, but his work still remained very unknown. He too did not seem to promote much of his work, but not until about a decades later this his work become appreciated and his studies began to be called Mendel’s Laws. It is these laws that are the foundational principles in biology today.

How can a traumatic experience influence childrens behaviour

How can a traumatic experience influence childrens behaviour How can a traumatic experience influence children’s behaviour? The issues surrounding children’s behaviour after a traumatic experience are complex, multifactorial and often hugely controversial. Having considered the literature on the subject, one could be forgiven for believing that there are as many opinions on the issues as there are people considering the issues. In this review we have attempted to cover as many of the major areas as possible in order to present a reasonably comprehensive overview of the subject. The definition of a traumatic experience is subjective from both the point of view of the child concerned and also form the observer. Some commentators have suggested that the only workable definition of a traumatic experience is one that, by definition, produces demonstrable psychological sequelae. (Abikoff 1987) This may be the case, but as other commentators observe, some psychological sequelae may not surface for years, if at all. This does not mean that the original triggering episode was not traumatic. There is also the view that that the worst kind, or most extreme type of trauma may be the most likely to be actively suppressed at either a conscious or subconscious level. (Haddad Garralda. 1992) Literature Review With an area of literature as vast as the one that we are considering here, it is often difficult to find a place to start. In this instance we will consider the paper by Prof. Harry Zetlin (1995) who starts with a short monograph on the screening of a television programme which dealt with arguably the most catastrophic of stresses to befall a child, that of the loss of a parent through murder or violence. He makes several thought provoking comments which are worthy of consideration as they are germinal to the thrust of this article. The first is a plea that the diagnostic label of post-traumatic stress should not be a catch-all basket for all emotional and behavioural problems that can occur after a traumatic experience. (Gorcey et al.1986) The second is the realisation that in the particular circumstances portrayed on the television where a parent is murdered have two consequences. The first is the obvious catastrophic trauma that the child experiences with the violent loss of a parent, but the second is the much less obvious fact that the child has, at a stroke, also lost a valuable, and normally available resource, of the protective family environment, which is often one of the most useful therapeutic tools available to the therapist. He adds to this two further insights. The first is that the surviving parent has their own trauma to deal with and that is invariably transmitted to the child and that, because such events are mercifully comparatively rare, only a comparatively few professionals are ever able to build up any significant expertise and experience on the subject. The main issue of the piece is, however, the very relevant point that considering the apparent obsession of the media with intrusive fly-on-the-wall documentaries and the almost equally insatiable public hunger for sensation, the very fact that such a programme is made at all, almost inevitably adds to the trauma felt by the victims. (Koss et al 1989) One could argue that actually confronting and talking about such issues is part of the healing process. Such considerations may be of value in the adult who is more able to rationalise the concepts involved, but to the child this may be very much more difficult and being forced to relive the episodes in a very public and unfamiliar arena, may do little more than add to the psychological stresses and damage already caused. (Mayall Gold 1995) This paper offers a wise and considered plea for sense and moderation, not to mention reservation and decency. It is written in calm and considered moderate tones which makes the impact of its message all the more powerful. The next few papers that we would like to analyse deal with the thorny issue of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. It has to be commented that there is a considerable body of literature which argues on both sides of the debate about whether ADHD is the result of childhood trauma. One side is presented, quite forcibly, by Bramble (et al. 1998). The authors cite Kewley (1998) as stating that the prime aetiology of ADHD is a genetic neuro-developmental one. They challenge the expressed views that it is a manifestation of early childhood abuse or trauma which can have occurred at some time previously with the words: ..early abuse and trauma later manifest as symptoms and that the detection of these symptoms in children clearly illustrates early trauma is a prime example of the logical fallacy that underpins all psychoanalytical theory and practice. The authors argue that to state because psychotherapy is often effective it must reflect the fact that a traumatic episode must have been responsible because it addresses directly the original emotional trauma (Follette et al.1996), is completely unsound. The natural progression of this argument, they assert, is the reason why many parents of children with ADHD have such difficulty in finding child psychiatrists who can actually help them rather than the many who would seek to blame them for the childs behaviour in the first place. (Breire 1992) The authors take the view that the reason that psychoanalytical practitioners have held so much influence on the profession over the years is that it is only recently that the glare of evidence based medicine has fallen on their discipline. The authors argue that far from using psychotherapeutic tools to try to achieve resolution, the evidence suggests that psycho-stimulant treatment is far more effective (Abikoff 1987) if only because it enhances the therapeutic effect of other forms of treatment such as family therapy and special educational provision. The converse argument, or perhaps an extension of the argument, is presented by Thambirajah (1998) who takes the view that many papers on ADHD (and by inference he is referring to the one reviewed above), regard the syndrome as being a diagnosis made simply by checking an appropriate number of boxes on a check-list. He asserts that factors such as biopsychological circumstances should be weighed equally strongly as the symptom cluster of impulsivity, inattention or hyperactivity. (Tannock 1998) In direct contrast to the preceding paper he states that early traumatic experiences, current abuse or even depression of the mother may all be contributory factors in the aetiology of the condition. He argues that taking no account of these factors is to ignore much of the accumulated evidence and wisdom on the subject. He also makes a very valid point that to ignore these factors and only to use the check-list approach means that here is an over-reliance on the significance of these symptoms and, as a direct result, this leads to an overestimation of prevalence. He points to the obviously erroneous estimate of a study that was based exclusively on check list symptomatology, of 15% (although the study is not quoted). The author makes the very valid point that most psychiatrists would agree that the hyperkinetic disorder is a small sub-group within the ADHD syndrome and that these children may need treatment with stimulants but only after other aetiologies have been excluded. He makes the rather apt comparison of treating all children with ADHD the same way as calling all four legged animals with a tail donkeys. There are a great many more papers on this issue which we could usefully review but we must explore other areas of trauma in a childs life in order to try to give a representative overview. With the possible exception of the situation outlined in the first paper reviewed, there can be few experiences more traumatising to a child than to me made homeless as a refugee in a time of war. The paper by Hodes (et al. 2001) is both heart rending and informative as it explores the health needs of refugees arriving in the UK. Although the paper catalogues all of the health needs (that need not concern us in this article) of the refugees, it does not overlook the psychosocial trauma aspects of the childrens plight. They point to the fact that one way that a childs psychological trauma can be minimised is by being accepted into a peer group such as a school. While this may indeed be true, the problem is that refugee children are seldom seen by their peers as belonging and are therefore seldom completely accepted. (Lewis 1998) This is either aggravated or caused by the fact that they already have twice the rate of psychiatric disorder as found in control groups of children. (Tousignant et al. 1999). It is therefore important to be aware of these problems as they are often very amenable to psychiatric intervention (OShea et al. 2000). The authors quote a paper by Burnett and Peel (2001) who appear to be particularly pessimistic about making a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder in children from a fundamentally different culture, as their recovery is thought to be secondary to the reconstruction of their support networks, which may prove particularly difficult in a different or even alien, cultural environment. They point to studies of the children who fled to the USA to escape the Pol Pot regime, who had post-traumatic stress in childhood, and even when followed up 12 years later they quote 35% as still having post traumatic stress and 14% had active depression. (Sack et al. 1999). This may be a reflection of the difficulty in getting appropriate treatment for a condition in a different culture. But, in distinct relevance to our considerations here, the authors comment that even exposure to a single stressor may result in a surprisingly persistent post traumatic stress reaction. (Richards Lovell 1999). The last article that we are going to consider here is a paper by Papineni (2003). This paper has been selected partly because of its direct relevance to our consideration, but also because on a human level, it is a riveting piece of writing. It is entitled Children of bad memories and opens with the quote Every time there is a war there is a rape (Stiglmayer 1994). The whole article is a collection of war-related rape stories and the resultant psychopathology that ensued. The author specifically explores the issues relating to childhood rape and its aftermath. She also considers a related issue and that is how the effect of maternal shame shapes a childs perception of themselves (with heartrending consequences), how the shame felt by the mother is often externalised to affect the child who is the visible symbol of the physical act. (Carpenter 2000) The catalogue of emotion and reaction described in this article by some of the subjects, would almost make an authoritative text book on the consequences of a traumatic experience in childhood. It would be almost impossible to quantify a single negative emotion that was neither articulated nor experienced by the victims, not only of the act of rape, but also of the stigma and aftermath of the act which was often described as the worst aspect of the whole thing. A constant theme that runs trough the paper is the realisation that the presence of a child conceived by a rape is a potent reminder of the trauma and therefore is, in itself a bar to psychological healing. The author also points to the fact that another, almost inevitable consequence of forcible rape, is difficulty with relationships and intimacy which can devastate a childs social development. (Human Rights Watch.1996). Such a child may not only have this burden to bear for its life, but the stigma forced upon it by society may also have untold consequences. The author quotes a child born from the Rwandan conflict, describing itself by different names which bear witness to societys perception, and more accurately and inevitably, the childs perception of itself: children of hate, enfants non-desirÃÆ'Â ©s (unwanted children), or enfants mauvais souvenir (children of bad memories) The author describes how such psychological trauma may never be successfully treated and ends with the very perceptive comment. There cannot be peace without justice, and unless the international community recognises all rape in conflict situations as crimes against humanity, there will be no peace for the victims of such atrocities. Conclusion It is clearly a forlorn hope to cover all of the aspects of trauma and its potential impact on a childs life in one short article. We hope that, by being selective, we have been able to provide the reader with an authoritative insight into some on the problems associated with the subject.