Thanksgiving Day - Free Essay Example

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Development of a Four Year Old Child Essays - 589 Words

Development of a Four Year Old Child Works Cited Not Included Enthusiasm in children is like a ripple in the water ... it spreads. ~Anonymous~ The study of child development helps us understand the changes we see as children grow and develop. A child?s development is divided into five areas: physical, emotional, cognitive, social, and moral development (Mitchell and David 1992). Although each area will be discussed separately, it is important to remember that all these areas overlap. Together, they make up the whole person. Physical development is an increase in body size and shape. Motor development is included in physical development because it shows the development of the large and small muscles.†¦show more content†¦Cognitive development includes growth in memory, attention, reasoning, problem solving strategies, and language abilities (Mitchell and David 1992). Social development is how children of different ages relate to other people. In the beginning, the social world of a child consists of family members. Throughout development, they meet friends, teachers and other adults in their community. Social development is simply the act of making new friends and learning how to get along with other people. Moral development is when the child will learn the difference between right and wrong. Piaget came up with three theories of moral development: id, ego and superego. Lawrence Kohlberg expanded Piaget?s theories and came up with six stages of moral development. A four year old child is known to be very active and energetic. They love to talk, enjoy silly humor, love learning new information about their world, and enjoy finding solutions to problems in imaginative ways (Miller, 1999). Not every four year old child can perform these tasks at the same time. It is important to remember that each child is an individual and should be motivated to reach their full potential. The child that I am observing is a boy named Michael. On the first day of my observation I was not sure who I wanted to observe. Michael caught my eye right away when he came over to me and asked if I wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Four Stages Of Cognitive Development951 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget was the first psychologist to design a comprehensive model for the study cognitive development. This model explained how a child’s cognitive skills develop over their lifetime, which will eventually result in more of an adult way of thinking; or a more elaborate and logical way of thinking. Unlike other psychologists who were studying cognition, Piaget believed that children were not â€Å"tiny adults†, who had to eventually access a more complex way of thinking over time. Instead, he believedRead MoreInvestigating The Ability Of A Controlled Variable1055 Words   |  5 Pages Jhavon Kornegay I. Purpose of Study The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of two, three, and four-year old’s to reply to sentence focused questions, argument focused questions, and predicate focused questions based on both transitive and intransitive events. The authors expected the children to respond with transitivity as well as consistency. II. Rationale for the Study The authors pursued this study to experiment with a controlled variable. The authors suggested that presentlyRead MoreThe Denver II Developmental Screening1232 Words   |  5 PagesI completed the Denver II Developmental Screening on a five year old boy, initials B. F. The Denver II Developmental Screening test is designed to compare children’s performance on a selection of tasks in order to assess developmental problems and risk of developing these problems in the future. Nurses must be able to perform developmental screenings in order to identify factors that could hinder optimal health (Gaines, 2005, p. 522). Gaines, Jenkins Ash (2005) recommend that health screening activitiesRead MoreThe Language Acquisition Of Children1524 Words   |  7 Pagesage at two years a part. Their ages are: Rhys: Age 8, Archie: Age 6, Poppy: Age 4 The development of language in children changes as a child gets older. â€Å" The Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is a hypothetical brain mechanism that Noam Chomsky postulated to explain human acquisition of the syntactic structure of language.† I will be investigating the change in language used by a four year old girl, six year old boy and an eight year old boy. I will be looking to see if the eight old understandsRead MoreCase Study : Child Development Of East Tennessee State University1233 Words   |  5 PagesStudy – Preschool Ehichoya Edokhamhen ECED 5210 – Advanced Child Development East Tennessee State University Introduction This child observation was carried out at the ETSU Child Study Center, after an appropriate permission was taken. I arrived at the Child Study Center at about 7:50am on Friday November 13, 2015, and I was taken to the Cricket Preschool classroom for my child observation. When I got there, there was only one child present at the class, and when I asked the teacher if heRead MoreDesigning A Curriculum For A Preschool1605 Words   |  7 Pageschildren’s individual needs. According to the Florida standards for the VPK program (4-5 year olds), designing the right environment will help children enhance their personal, and academic development. It is crucial to design a developmentally appropriate environment, in order to help enhance a student’s cognitive, social, and language skills. The environment should consist of: ample spaces, props for dramatic play, development of a schedule that assures a balance of activities and choices, and opportunitiesRead More Jean Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesPiagets Stages of Cognitive Development Very briefly describe Piaget’s stages of cognitive development and explain what he meant by saying that young children are egocentric. Use experimental evidence to consider this claim. Cognitive development is what psychologists talk about when discussing a child’s intellectual growth. Jean Piaget (1896 to 1980), a Swiss psychologist developed a theory of cognitive development, which is still much discussed and critiquedRead MoreJean Piaget Is A Famous Developmental Psychologist Who1205 Words   |  5 Pagescognitive development and before his studies, it was commonly thought that children were less capable thinkers than adults. After doing many observations on his own three children and other kids, he has concluded that children think in differing ways than adults (McLeod, 2009). Piaget was seeking to find how children think about the world at different points in their development and how systematic changes occur in their thinking (Santrock, 2015). He developed the theory of cognitive development that statesRead MoreThe Child s Language Development1475 Words   |  6 PagesFour year-olds can tell simple stories with an expressive vocabulary of 1,500 to 1,600 words (Owens, 2004). Toddlers at this age have increased mastery of consonants and can produce sentences that are four or five words long. Language transitions to a tool that is used to explore the inter rogative â€Å"why?† which helps the toddler ask abstract questions and learn more about their environment. Five year-olds use more adult-like language, but aspects of their syntactic structure may be missing. ExpressiveRead MoreEarly Childhood Development : Lakeland Little Learners1443 Words   |  6 PagesLakeland Little Learners Early childhood development is one of the most important aspects to the human life. Early childhood is mainly referred to from the time of birth through age five. Although, children learn based on the influence of their familiar environment, every child is expected to develop in their own unique way. Lakeland Little Learners is an educational program that provides an excellent environment for ensuring that every child’s social, cognitive, physical and educational needs

Burning Hope Survivors of the Jewish Holocaust - 1170 Words

Those who survived are here to tell the tragic and devastating history of their lives. The survivors have shared brutal but yet realistic stories from each of their experiences before, during, and after the Holocaust. History shall never repeat itself in the manner of racism, murder, and fear of our leaders. The burning hope of those who were involved still generates an enormous sadness upon the many who have heard the horror of the Holocaust. There was a sense of peace and prosperity among those established in the European area. Their lives were comparable to the life of the average American today. There were religious, speech, and physical freedoms still available to those who wanted them. Children laughed, families were united, and†¦show more content†¦Upon arrival at a concentration camp, victims did not realized what these â€Å"camps† consisted of. Some say that they didn’t exist. Others knew exactly what occurred at these camps from gossip or friends tha t had escaped. Uniforms were issued to each individual according to the crime they had committed. A yellow triangle placed on the uniform displayed that you were Jewish. Pink triangles displayed homosexuality. Triangles with a brown tint exhibited gypsies. Red triangles paraded communism. Triangles that were green displayed that a prisoner was a criminal. A double lined electric barbed fence surrounded all camps in Europe. Snipers then sat in stands to view the camp from above. At night they would use spotlights to guard the surroundings. Scattered around the grounds would be about a dozen soldiers marching the premises looking and scavenging around for mishap. It was as if the people within the camp were animals, restrained and punished when committing a wrongdoing. â€Å"When someone would disobey or not listen to a guard, we would be forced to strip down to the nude and roll around in hot coals until the body bled from everywhere. Once this was complete, you either died from infection or suffered severe burns.† (David 91). Seven million were forced to work at a concentration camp during the Holocaust. This boosted the economy because this was unpaid labor. Concentration camps existed because the Nazis couldn’t just exterminate all Jews orShow MoreRelatedJewish Literature And The Holocaust899 Words   |  4 PagesHolocaust literature is one of the emerging field in literature during the second half of the twentieth century. Several Holocaust survivors wrote about the atrocities they witnessed and their experiences during the incarceration. The word â€Å"Holocaust† encompasses images of death, horror, and inhumanity. Although many survivors find it difficult to talk aabout their experience, some of the took an oath to use their pen to protest against such horrible genocide and to make sure that this would neverRead MoreNazi Death Camps in the Night by Elie Wiesel833 Words   |  4 Pagesof 1944 and 1945. Elie and his family of 4 ar e optimistic when Germany begins to take power. Germany invades Hungary, then arrives in Elie’s town. The Nazi’s begin to take over the Jews by limiting their freedom. Jews are eventually deported. The Jewish people are crowded into wagons where they are shipped to Auschwitz. He is separated from his mother and sister. Over the course of the book, Elie and his father are sent to two different concentration camps. Their final concentration camp is BuchenwaldRead MoreEssay on Holocaust: The Unforgettable1569 Words   |  7 Pageshistory of the Holocaust is taught systematically in all school systems throughout America and most of the known-world. The atrocities committed by Nazi-Germany are well-known and are likely to never be forgotten. The proof behind Hitler’s Final Solution is undeniable. However, with the rise of Holocaust deniers comes the grave danger of forgetting the truth behind the Holocaust, and dooming ourselves to repeating history once again. Holo caust deniers claim that certain events of the Holocaust never happenedRead MoreEssay on Nightfather by Carl Friedman834 Words   |  4 PagesRunning and screaming. Burning and freezing. The survivors of the Holocaust have been through it all. Their stories describe each and every detail of the horrendous events they experienced. Although the book Nightfather is fiction, the stories described depict the actual Holocaust exactly. By dissecting the time period of Carl Friedman’s Nightfather, a reader can understand the elements of fiction and realize the impact of history on fictional literature. This book takes place sometime during theRead MoreSchindlers List Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesSix million Jewish residents of Eastern Europe were exterminated during the Holocaust of the 1940’s. Families were taken out of their homes and put into ghettos, which were large prison type establishments that housed dozens of people in one small apartment. They were then separated from their families, men to the left and women to the right, and were placed in concentration camps, where most of them were killed and cremated. In 1993, Steven Spielberg directed a film, Schindler’s List, which depictedRead MoreEssay on The History and Hardships of the Jewish People1441 Words   |  6 PagesSince the beginning of the Judaism, the Jewish people have been subject to hardships and discrimination. They have not been allowed to have a stabile place of worship and have also faced persecution and atrocities that most of us can not even imagine. Three events that have had a big imp act on the Jewish faith were the building and destruction of the First Great Temple, the Second Great Temple and the events of the Holocaust. In this paper, I will discuss these three events and also explain and giveRead MoreThe Holocaust : The World s Perspective Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pageswhole story of the Holocaust, they only know of bits and pieces. Most people know that Hitler rose to command and had a strong dislike of specific groups of people, which consequently began the Holocaust. The Holocaust changed the whole world’s perspective. Our fellow human were tortured, starved, and burned alive for being different from society. I wrote this essay to show that there is always another side to a story. Now I give you â€Å"The Holocaust Revealed†. The Holocaust began in January ofRead MoreThe Holocaust : Its Causes And How It Was Carried Out1497 Words   |  6 PagesDestiny Corbitt Shawn Underell The Holocaust 21 February 2016 The Holocaust The holocaust is one of the memorable events in history and it is important to know some of its causes and how it was carried out. The Holocaust is a controlled torture that killed roughly six million Jews by the Nazi government, led by Adolf Hitler. Apart from the Jews, other groups considered inferior or anti-establishment such as Poles, Romans and gypsies were also killed. There were several reasons for these grisly murdersRead MoreThe Train Car As A Symbol Of The Extermination1337 Words   |  6 Pagesthe case of the Holocaust, symbols are used to materially express the nearly unfathomably reality of its events. But, what do we do with often emotionally charged perceptions of history? Symbols can be used as evidence, and as a way to connect the past to the present commemorating the time period in which they encapsulate. But symbols are culturally created, as objects are assigned a meaning often during but more importantly after events have passed. In the case of the Holocaust, the train car Read MoreWhy Is The Killing Of A Million A Lesser Crime?1440 Words   |  6 Pagesthe killing of a million a lesser crime than the killing of an individual?† -Raphael Lemkin referring to genocides. Genocides are organized exterminations committed with intent to destroy a whole group based on religion, ethnicity, and race. The Holocaust, the Armenian genocide, Darfur, and the Rwanda genocide were all terrible events in history, but why did they occur? The form of genocide had existed since the perception of superiority and inferiority was known. As a superior group gains more

Essay about The Expansion of the Great Black Migration

From the early 1900s – 1920s the Great Black Migration occurred. In addition, the Great Migration occurred in the early 1900s and ended shortly after the Great War. The Great Black Migration was a time where blacks left the south to seek a better lifestyle in the Midwestern, Northern, and Eastern states. Blacks fled the South to seek better jobs, escape racism and discrimination, and to look for better schooling for their children. The Great Black Migration mostly occurred in the states of Illinois, Missouri, New York, and California. During the Great Migration, more than 100,000 blacks migrated to Harlem, New York. In Chicago and New York City, blacks were empowered by black-owned businesses, newspapers, and communities. Newspaper†¦show more content†¦These factors drove blacks out of the south to seek for a better life in the northern and eastern states of America. The most important push factor that caused blacks to leave the south was the lynching that occurred in the southern states. During this time of condemning blacks of wrongful activities, more than 2,500 blacks were persecuted and lynched in the southern states. These lynching created a number of riots that regularly protested against the lynching of blacks in the south. Blacks were scared to speak out against race in the south, so they left to pursue a better life in other parts of the country. Some of the pull factors that attracted blacks to leave the south were the chance to earn a better education, increasing amount of jobs, the right to vote, black owned companies, and the opportunity for a better economic welfare. These push and pull served as the major factor in blacks migrating from the south to the north. Blacks felt that the north had a better opportunity for them to achieve greatness and was the cause for blacks to look search for the identity of the â€Å"New Negro.† During this time, there were blacks and whites for and against the migration of blacks. Those who followed Booker T. were against the all-black communities being developed in America; he felt blacks should respect whites and lead by example from their traits.Show MoreRelatedMary Ann Shadd Cary : More Than A Woman908 Words   |  4 Pagesan immense amount of effort towards establishing the foundation of black livelihood. Though labeled inferior on the basis of ethnicity and gender, she was a fierce, headstrong, successful activist in a political world dominated by white males. This essay will analyze Cary’s approach to solidifying African American safety and nationalism during the 19th century. Native to the United States, Cary joined the massive migration of blacks to Canada following the implementation of the Fugitive Slave ActRead MoreA Closer Examination of Distinct American Groups from 1877 to19301032 Words   |  5 PagesWhites and Blacks segregated., these â€Å"Jim Crow† laws were construed to keep the African Americans in their place in society. Some of these laws were in existence until the 1960s. Slowly, around 1910, African Americans began leaving the south in droves. â€Å"In the train station it was just like an exodus of black people traveling, going north to better their lives.† (Phillips xi). This mass migration to a better life came to be known as â€Å"The Great Migration† (Phillips 33). This â€Å"migration transformedRead MoreThe Impact Of The Westward Expansion On Women And African Americans991 Words   |  4 Pages The Impact of the Westward Expansion on Women and African Americans The Westward Expansion started prior to The Revolutionary War, settlers were migrating westward to what states are now modern day Kentucky and Tennessee in hopes for a fruitful life and larger job opportunity. This Westward Expansion was aided through the Louisiana purchase in 1803, in which the United States purchased territory from France, resulting in doubling in size of the country. This Louisiana purchase was stretchedRead MoreNotes on Colonialism and Imperialism1489 Words   |  6 Pages * Overseas expansion for raw materials: rubber, tin, copper, petroleum * Colonies were potential markets for industrial products * Political motives * Strategic purpose: harbors and supply stations for industrial nations * Overseas expansion used to defuse internal tensions * Cultural justifications of imperialism * Christian missionaries sought converts in Africa and Asia * Civilizing mission or white mans burden was a justification for expansion * Tools ofRead MoreThe Population Movements Were The Indonesian Colonization Of Madagascar1554 Words   |  7 PagesSamantha Sharp Professor Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja AAAD 101-003 October 2, 2014 Report Name A lot of movements have taken place in Africa; however, the two most dramatic population movements were the Indonesian Colonization of Madagascar and the Bantu Expansion in Central, East and Southern Africa. According to Diamond, the Indonesian Colonization of Madagascar is â€Å"the single most astonishing fact of human geography for the entire world† (Parker, and Rathbone. Powerpoint notes). Madagascar is a relativelyRead MoreAllusions In The Bride Comes To Yellow Sky1386 Words   |  6 Pagespenetrates and fills the open desert plain. Jack Potter stands as the frontier hero who helps usher the East into the frontier. He acts as the classic American hero as depicted in the early nineteenth century captivity narratives that also encouraged expansion into the West. However, through Crane’s naturalistic writing, he breaks down the image of the American frontier hero and shows a new dynamic between the East and West as the frontier slips away. When Crane wrote â€Å"The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky† inRead MoreSuffrage of African Americans in Red Summer written by Cameron McWhirter1113 Words   |  4 Pagesafter World War 1. At this time, blacks had been searching for peace and equality. Historian Cameron McWhirter in his book says, â€Å"many people—including black families with returning soldiers—fervently hoped 1919 would usher in a new epoch of peace, prosperity, and freedom.† Instead of getting what they wished for however, there was a series of violence such as lynchings and anti-black riots that swept around the country. World War 1 had a big effect on the life of blacks. McWhirter says that â€Å"the war’sRead MoreThe Unknown City Of Bronzeville Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pagesforcibly removing Japanese Americans from the West Coast. California became a military zone, and all ethnic Japanese were relocated to confinement camps in the hopes to prevent espionage. The Japanese community was a victim of the biggest forced mass migration in the history of the United States. Ethnic Japanese, regardless of their legal status, were incarcerated during the duration of the war. Overnight, Little Tokyo in Los Angeles became a ghost town. Japanese Americans living in Little Tokyo were forcedRead MoreA Study on the American Experience Since 19451135 Words   |  5 Pagesfreight costs were substantially reduced. Tractor-trailer operating costs are estimated to be 17 percent lower on interstate highways than other highways. The interstate highway system made both labor and capital more efficient and encou raged business expansion, new investments, and the creation of jobs. The invention of the Salk polio vaccine taught America two things: Monies invested in medical research could result in life-changing innovations, and pharmaceuticals held promise as big business. ThoughRead MoreManifest Destiny1380 Words   |  6 PagesManifest Destiny The expansion of the United States from its thirteen original colonies to the nation it is today was a very extensive process, involving numerous wars and treaties. The greatest one of these expansion periods occurred from the 1830s to the 1860s, largely due to the idea of Manifest Destiny, the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent to the Pacific coast. This development played a major role in dividing the North and the South by contributing

Natural Science Volcanoes Free Essays

The relentless motions of tectonic plates, the uplift and the erosion of mountain ranges, and the evolution of living organisms are processes which can only be fully appreciated across the deep time of geology. But some of the processes at work in our planet can manifest all too suddenly, changing the landscape and destroying lives on a very human timescale: volcanoes. Superimpose a map of active volcanoes on a world map showing the boundaries of the tectonic plates and their association is obvious. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Science: Volcanoes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ring of fire around the Pacific, for example, is clearly associated with the plate boundaries. But where is the molten rock that feeds them coming from? Why are volcanoes different from each other, with some producing gentle eruptions and regular trickles of molten lava, whilst others erupt in devastating explosions? And why are some volcanoes, such as those of Hawaii, in the middle of the Pacific, far from any obvious plate boundary? The molten rock The key to understanding volcanoes comes from understanding how rocks melt. For a start, they do not have to melt completely, so the bulk of the mantle remains solid even though it gives rise to a fluid, molten magma. That means that the melt does not have the same composition as the bulk of the mantle. As long as the so-called dihedral angles, the angles at which the mineral grains in mantle rock meet, are large enough, the rock behaves like a porous sponge and the melt can be squeezed out. Calculations show how it will tend to flow together and rise quite rapidly in a sort of wave, producing lava at the surface in the sort of quantities seen in typical eruptions (The University of Sydney, 2006). Melting does not necessarily involve increasing the temperature. It can result from decreasing the pressure. So a plume of hot, solid mantle material will begin to melt as it rises and the pressure upon it reduces. In the case of a mantle plume, that can happen at considerable depths (McKenzie, 1984, p. 717). Beneath the mid-ocean ridge system, the melting takes place at much shallower depths. Here there is little or no mantle lithosphere and the hot asthenosphere comes close to the surface. The lower pressures here can result in a larger proportion of the rock melting, perhaps 20 or 25%, supplying magma at about the right rate to sustain sea floor spreading and produce an ocean crust 7 kilometres thick. Most of the ocean ridge eruptions pass unnoticed as they take place more than 2,000 metres underwater as rapidly quenched pillow lavas (Basin Topography, 2006). But seismic studies have revealed magma chambers a few kilometres beneath the sea floor in parts of the ridges, particularly in the Pacific and Indian oceans, though there is also some evidence of magma chambers beneath the mid-Atlantic ridge. Where a mantle plume coincides with an ocean ridge system, as in the case of Iceland, more magma is generated and the ocean crust is thicker, in this case rising above the sea to form Iceland (Scarth, 1994, p.14-17). Hawaii The Big Island of Hawaii has welcoming people and friendly volcanoes. The town of Hilo is probably more at risk from tsunamis triggered by distant earthquakes than from the great 4,000-metre volcano of Mauna Loa that looms behind it. To the north and west lie the other Hawaiian islands and the Emperor seamount chain, tracing the long journey of the Pacific plate across the hot spot of an underlying mantle plume (Scarth, 1994, p.42). To the south of the Big Island of Hawaii is Loihi, the newest of the Hawaiian volcanoes. As yet it has not broken the surface of the Pacific, but it has already built a high mountain of basalt on the ocean floor and will almost certainly become an island above water before long (14). Because Hawaiian lava is very fluid, it can spread over a wide area and does not tend to form very steep slopes. Such volcanoes are sometimes known as shield volcanoes, and they can flood basalt over a wide area. Often, a particular flow will develop a tunnel around it as the outer crust solidifies but the lava continues to flow inside. When the supply of lava ceases, the tunnel can drain and be left hollow (41-42). How to cite Natural Science: Volcanoes, Papers

Organisational Culture as a topic for Management-Free Assignment Sampl

Question: Briefly explain: manager, management and organisation. Assess the significance of managers in achieving organisational success for a company of your own choice? Answer: Introduction Management principles refer to the guidelines that help managers in decision making and planning their actions (DuBrin, 2011). It not only affects the managers but everyone associated with the organisation. Observation and analysis of events that occur in actual practice serves as a base for the formulation of management principles. Manager, Management and Organisation An organisation is defined as an entity like an association or an institution that are linked to an external environment and its members work in close coordination in order to achieve collective goals (Koontz, 2010). It can also be defined as a social unit of individuals who are managed and organised in a way to meet common goals. Every organisation posses a specific management structure also called as organisational structure that defines the relationship between activities and members and also facilitate in assigning authorities, roles and responsibilities to members (Armstrong, 2011). Management within an organisation is the function that helps ensuring efforts of individuals are coordinated in an effective manner to achieve desired goals and objectives by using available resources in the most effective and efficient manner (Ansoff, 2007). The activities performed by management in order to achieve desired goals are; planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling employees(Bamford Forrester, 2010). Management is referred to as the fourth element of production along with money, materials, machines and it helps transforming resources into utility. Manager is an individual who is responsible for controlling and administering some or all parts of the organisation (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Manager is responsible for planning, directing and controlling the workforce and is accountable for their performance and end results. Responsibility, authority and accountability are the three words that define the role of a manager in an organisation(Barrows Powers, 2008). Managers are responsible for the end result produced by their teams, they have the authority to direct, control and evaluate their team members and are accountable for growth and development of the team members as they work to achieve targets and desired goals. Managers at Tesco play a very vital role in ensuring desired organisational goals are achieved(Ellis, 2005). Managers at Tesco perform five basic tasks to ensure company remains successful; they define realistic and achievable goals and performance objectives for employees and direct ways by which work needs to be performed in order to achieve defined goals. They ensure that tasks are allocated and distributed in an organised manner, they divide the tasks into manageable activities and they assign it to available resources based on their skills and expertise(Freeman, 2010). Manager at Tesco ensures employees are highly motivated through effective communication and employee engagement. They encourage their employees to openly share their views and participate in important decision making. Managers at Tesco are responsible for evaluating employee performance and rating it for performance appraisals(Luis, 2010). They are responsible for developing a customer-oriented, knowledge sharing culture at Tesco where employees treat each other with respect and integrity. Managers at Tesco ensure that employees are giving ample opportunities to realise their full potential and achieve individual goals as they work towards achieving organisational goals. Effect of Size and Strategy of a Company on its Organisational Structure Organisational Structure defines the way in which activities such as task allocation, supervision and coordination are performed in manner to achieve desired organisational goals (Moyles, 2006). It is the structural framework that defines hierarchy within an organisation. There are three main types of organisational structures which an organisation can adapt depending on a number of factors namely; Divisional Organisational structure wherein the company is divided into small independent divisions on the basis of geographical location, products, strategy and functionality (Chambley, 2013). Functional organisational structure wherein employees are divided into specialised functional groups on the basis of the skills and expertise (Chambley, 2013). Matrix organisational structure which is characterised by dual reporting lines, that is an employee reports to two managers(Chambley, 2013). Organisations can either choose one of these structures or a mix of them in order to achieve desired goals. There are a number of factors that influence an organisations choice of organisational structure such as, size of the organisation, strategy, technology, environment and life cycle (Ng, 2011). Size of the organisation and its strategy has a considerable impact on the choice of organisational structure. Greater the size of an organisation greater is the complexity of involved operation and hence greater is the need for an organisational structure. Large organisations which have wide global presence and serve large number of customers tend to develop highly complicated operations for which they need to employ large number of human resources (Lussier, 2014). In order to effectively manage their operations and human resources it is very important they define hierarchies and procedures for allocating roles and responsibilities. A well-defined organisational structure will help them in effective management of their complex set of operations and allocation of tasks. Big brands such as Toyot a, Ford, Apple, Face book, McDonalds etc have adapted a well defined organisational structure in order to achieve desired goals. However the same is not true for smaller organisations such as local restaurants, retail stores, real-estate firms etc, as they have lesser number of employees and involve simple operations which can easily be performed by members of the organisations (Murray, et al., 2006). They do not feel a need to develop and follow an organisational chart because tasks are allocated and complete as and when they come depending upon the skills and availabilities of members. Such organisations either do not need an organisational structure or can function with a simple one. An organisations choice of organisational structure is also greatly affected by its chosen strategy (Barrows Powers, 2008). Structure of an organisation should support its strategy and should facilitate in its achievement. An organisation that aims at implementing differentiation strategy in order to create its competitive advantage will choose to adapt a flexible organisational structure that is characterised by high decentralisation and medium to low specialisation in order to meet the dynamic needs of marketplace (DuBrin, 2011). Whereas an organisation that aims at offering cost advantage to customers through cost leadership strategy will choose to adapt a mechanistic organizational structure which is characterised by high specialisation and low decentralisation in order to enhance efficiency and productivity. Tescos current mission, vision and corporate strategy Founded in year 1919 by Jack Cohen Tesco was started as a market stall in Londons East End (Tesco Plc., 2015). The company strive to provide best shopping experience to the tens of millions of customers their serve on a weekly basis. The company has witnessed remarkable success since then and today is recognised as one of the worlds largest multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer. It employs 530,000 people and is present in 12 countries across the globe. Tescos Mission: Mission statement defines the short term goals and general purpose of the organisation. Tesco through a very simple and clear statement defines their purpose of existence. We make what matters better, together (Tesco Plc., 2015). Tescos Vision: Vision defines its long term goals of an organisation. Tesco aims at being seen as the most highly valued business by its committed and loyal employees, its customers, stakeholders and by the community they serve (Tesco Plc., 2015). Tescos Corporate Strategy: Tescos core values form the base of their corporate strategy which aims at making Tesco a highly customer oriented organisation. They help Tesco in achieving is mission and vision. Tesco claims that no one tries harder for customers; they put in their best to understand customers, be the first to meet their needs and act responsible for the communities they serve. Tesco ensures that all individuals associated with them must be treated in a way they would like themselves to be treated. Team work, respect and integrity and knowledge sharing are terms that define Tescos culture. They ensure that they use their scale for good. Process that can help Tesco to formulate its corporate strategy There are a number of processes that can help Tesco in formulating its corporate strategy for year 2015. They can perform a PESTLE analysis to analysing the external and internal environmental factors that affect the company (Ansoff, 2007). Tesco will have to use Porters five forces model in order to analyses the competitive environment. In order to analyses their strengths and weaknesses and opportunities and threats present in the marketplace Tesco will have to undertake a SWOT analysis. It can also follow the six steps of strategy formulation process where all the management tools mentioned above are used in different stages. Tesco will have to start by defining a realistic goal which is followed by an environmental analysis (DuBrin, 2011). It will have to define quantitative targets and then determine plans for sub units. The company will have to conduct a performance analysis and evaluation and based on the outcomes of the evaluation process they can formulate their corporate st rategy. Competitor analysis and market research is an important step in the strategy formulation process (Koontz, 2010). Tesco must ensure that their resources and capabilities are used in a manner to create core competencies that serve as a competitive advantage against the competitors. Tesco can make their operations lean in order to eliminate waste processes and save operations cost which will help them in offering cost advantage to their customers. Organisational Culture Organisational culture refers to the set of share beliefs, values, attitudes, rules and customs of an organisation that result in creation of a differentiated social and psychological environment with the workplace (DuBrin, 2011). Changing the organisational culture of Tesco will greatly help in improving its overall performance. Organisational culture defines employees perception about their co-workers and about the organisation (DuBrin, 2011). Positive perception results in high employee motivations who are inspired to put in their best and deliver high quality performance. Developing a knowledge sharing culture will help enhancing the core competencies of employees which will serve as a competitive advantage for Tesco. Conclusion Managers must follow the management principles while planning, directing and controlling employees within an organisation. Managers play a vital role in enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of an organisation. Apart from other factors like technology, life cycle and environment, size and strategy of an organisation have a considerable impact on its organisational structure. Culture of an organisation is an important factor in determining its overall performance. References Available at: https://businessstudiesjesschambley.blogspot.in/2013/06/organisational-structures.html[Accessed 2014].DuBrin, A., (2011) Essentials of Management. New York: Cengage Learning.Ellis, C. W., (2005) Management Skills for New Managers. New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn.Freeman, R. E., (2010) Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Koontz, H., (2010) Essentials Of Management 8E. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education,.Luis, R. V., (2010) Management skills and leadership techniques. London: Ideaspropias Editorial S.L..Lussier, R. N., (2014) Management Fundamentals: Concepts, Applications, Skill Development. London: Sage Publications.Moyles, J., (2006) Effective Leadership And Management In The Early Years. Boston: McGraw-Hill International.Murray, P., Poole, D. Jones, G., (2006) Contemporary Issues in Management and Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning.Ng, L. C., (2011) Best management practices. Journal of Man agement Development, 30(1), pp. 93-105.Tesco Plc., (2015) Core Purpose and Values. [Online]Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=10[Accessed 2015].