Female infanticide free essay sample

Overview: It is a deliberate and intentional act of killing a female child within one year of its birth either directly by using poisonous organic and inorganic chemicals or indirectly by deliberate neglect to feed the infant by either one of the parents or other family members or neighbours or by the midwife. Poverty, ignorance of family planning, cost of dowry, etc. have been reported as the possible causes for this crime. Dowry system has been prohibited by law since 1961. Pre-natal sex-determination was banned in India in 1994, under the Pre-conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act. Origin: This process began in the early 1990s when ultrasound techniques gained widespread use in India. There was a tendency for families to continuously produce children until a male child was born. The government initially supported the practice to control population growth. The Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act was passed in 1994, making sex-selective abortion illegal. We will write a custom essay sample on Female infanticide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was then modified in 2003 holding medical professionals legally responsible. However, the PCPNDT Act has been poorly enforced by authorities. Possible Findings: Since 1991, 80% of districts in India have recorded an increasingly masculine sex ratio with the state of Punjab having the most masculine sex ratio. [2] According to the decennial Indian census, the sex ratio in the 0-6 age group in India went from 104. 0 males per 100 females in 1981, to 105. 8 in 1991, to 107. 8 in 2001, to 109. 4 in 2011. According to 2011 Census, the rate at which the unborn female child is killed amounts to killing off 10,00,000 girls a year. (Source: satyameva jayate) Read more at: http://indiatoday. intoday. in/story/satyamev-jayate-aamir-khan-female-foeticide/1/187581. html In 2011, 15,000 Indian women were bought and sold as brides in areas where foeticide has led to a lack of women Foetal sex determination and sex-selective abortion by medical professionals has grown into a INR 1, 000 crore industry. Provisional data released by the census office shows that the child sex ratio (0-6 years) has declined to 914 girls for every 1,000 boys as compared to 927 in 2001. The divide between the north and south has got even starker with the child sex ratio in Jammu and Kashmir falling precipitously to 859, making it the third worst state after Haryana and Punjab. Report by BBC â€Å"India’s unwanted girls† http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-south-asia-13264301 Courtesy: bbc. co. uk As per the Indian Census 2011 report, the sex ratio of India (females per 1000 males) is as follows: Average India sex ratio – 933 Rural sex ratio – 946 Urban sex ratio – 900 State with highest female sex ratio – Kerala – 1058 State with lowest female sex ratio – Haryana – 861 Census ‘01 Sex ratio (females per thousand males) India 933 Rural 946 Urban 900 State with Highest Female Sex Ratio Kerala 1,058 State with Lowest Female Sex Ratio Haryana 861 UT with Highest Female Sex Ratio Pondicherry 1,001 UT with Lowest Female Sex Ratio Daman Diu 710 District with Highest Female Sex Ratio Mahe (Pondicherry) 1,147 District with Lowest Female Sex Ratio Daman (Daman Diu) 591 Census ‘11 Sex Ratio 940 females per 1000 males according to 2011 census Child sex ratio for females is 914 per 1000 males. (0-6 years) Sex ratio Kerala has the highest sex ratio; while Haryana has the lowest sex ratio among states and Daman Diu has the lowest among all states and territories. Child Sex Ratio : Mizoram Highest Haryana lowest State Women per 1000 men 2011 Women per 1000 men 2001 Increase in Sex ratio (Difference between 2011 and 2001) Kerala 1,084 1,058 +26 Haryana 877 861 +16 INDIA 940 933 +7 Articles: Prevention: Several NGOs work to create awareness on this issue. Some of them are: 1. The 50 Million Missing Campaign: Fighting Female Gendercide in India: The 50 Million Missing Campaign is a global campaign against female genocide in India. The aim of this blog is to raise public awareness about the systematic annihilation of more than 50 million women from India’s population in 3 generations, and the factors such as female feticide, infanticide and dowry murders that are at the root of it. 2. Laadli A Population First Initiative: According to them, their objective is, The objective of the One Million Signatures for the One Million Girls Missing is to get one million signatures against the practice of sex selection. This will help us advocate with all the stakeholder groups like the political parties, medical associations, government agencies, and others to implement the PCPNDT act effectively. It is also a means of creating mass awareness and raising public conscience against the reprehensible practice of sex selection. Female infanticide free essay sample Imagine a world with no women. There are no wives, no sisters, no daughters, and no mothers. Unfortunately, this world is on the brink of becoming a scary reality for Asian countries such as China and India. Due to attempts to control population and the low value associated with females in these societies historically and culturally, both China and India are now facing a serious gender imbalance. Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion are responsible for this gender imbalance. Due to the high occurrence of foeticides, infanticides, including new born neglect and abandonment, he world is currently deprived of over 100 million women. China and India alone are responsible for 80 million missing females. CHINA: In 1978 China introduced the one-child policy. The Chinese population was growing too fast and already was enormous. The government introduced this policy to slow down the growth of the population of China. This encouraged female infanticide even more. Before the introduction of the one-child policy female infanticide already existed. We will write a custom essay sample on Female infanticide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to a report, an interview with 40 women over age 50, who claimed to have given birth to 183 sons and 175 daughters, of whom 126 sons but only 53 aughters survived to age 10. By their account, the women had destroyed 78 of their daughters. To Chinese families the son is the most important child. They believe that the son can work, carry the family name and look after elderly parents. Only after the desire of having a son or two has been met, do Chinese families prefer having a girl. INDIA: In the global arena, India is indeed fast developing and is gradually becoming a force to reckon with and this makes us extremely proud. However, there are certain home truths we arent aware of or chose to turn a deaf ear to. Female infanticide is one of them. India as a country is steeped in patriarchal values and thereby continues to talk about the importance of raising a male child. The idea of the male child enwraps an image of future security, protection, wealth and prosperity. Only can a male child grow up to look after his family. Only can a male child protect his family. Women are simply viewed as commodities and properties belonging to men. Women are perceived to be a burden on the family. From the time she is born, the only way her physical being/existence is given meaning is by virtue of marriage. In the institution of marriage lies the salvation of the woman. In looking after her husband and bearing children lies her attainment of Nirvana. And with marriage comes the social evil of dowry (giving away lump sums of money and gifts during marriage) which continues to haunt families. A large population of India continues to struggle on a daily basis for its survival. In a situation like this, the additional appendage of giving dowry to the grooms family increases the misery of an already devastated financial situation of the average Indian family. female infanticide. Female infanticide free essay sample Imagine a world with no women. There are no wives, no sisters, no daughters, and no mothers. Unfortunately, this world is on the brink of becoming a scary reality for Asian countries such as China and India. Due to attempts to control population and the low value associated with females in these societies historically and culturally, both China and India are now facing a serious gender imbalance. Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion are responsible for this gender imbalance. Due to the high occurrence of foeticides, infanticides, including new born neglect and abandonment, the world is currently deprived of over 100 million women. China and India alone are responsible for 80 million missing females. CHINA: In 1978 China introduced the one-child policy. The Chinese population was growing too fast and already was enormous. The government introduced this policy to slow down the growth of the population of China. This encouraged female infanticide even more. Before the introduction of the one-child policy female infanticide already existed. We will write a custom essay sample on Female infanticide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to a report, an interview with 40 women over age 50, who claimed to have given birth to 183 sons and 175 daughters, of whom 126 sons but only 53 daughters survived to age 10. By their account, the women had destroyed 78 of their daughters. To Chinese families the son is the most important child. They believe that the son can work, carry the family name and look after elderly parents. Only after the desire of having a son or two has been met, do Chinese families prefer having a girl. INDIA: In the global arena, India is indeed fast developing and is gradually becoming a force to reckon with and this makes us extremely proud. However, there are certain home truths we aren’t aware of or chose to turn a deaf ear to. Female infanticide is one of them. India as a country is steeped in patriarchal values and thereby continues to talk about the importance of raising a male child. The idea of the male child enwraps an image of future security, protection, wealth and prosperity. Only can a male child grow up to look after his family. Only can a male child protect his family. Women are simply viewed as commodities and properties belonging to men. Women are perceived to be a burden on the family. From the time she is born, the only way her physical being/existence is given meaning is by virtue of marriage. In the institution of marriage lies the salvation of the woman. In looking after her husband and bearing children lies her attainment of Nirvana. And with marriage comes the social evil of ‘dowry’ (giving away lump sums of money and gifts during marriage) which continues to haunt families. A large population of India continues to struggle on a daily basis for its survival. In a situation like this, the additional appendage of giving dowry to the groom’s family increases the misery of an already devastated financial situation of the average Indian family.

Saipo The Project Identity

Saipo The Project Identity Mission The mission of Saipo Company is to provide people in developing regions with the products of the soap recycling process because of the observed lack of inexpensive hygiene products in many countries globally. Thus, the practical goal of the company’s work is to cooperate with soap producers round the world to recycle the leftover or expired soap materials to distribute the products in developing countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Saipo The Project Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brand Value Saipo Company focuses on providing the unique products and services which are interesting not only for the potential customers as the product’s target audience but also for the company’s partners and shareholders because of expanding the possibilities for combining the elements of profitable and charitable activities. Combining the efforts of giant producers of soap and contributing t o the increase of shareholders’ gains, Saipo is the potentially most recognizable producer of soap in developing countries because of the products’ availability and social mission. The customers’ perception of the brand depends on the actual provision of inexpensive soap products in developing regions to determine the market and target audience of Saipo products. Saipo explores the new market segment with the help of effective strategies. The brand recognition as well as brand value can be discussed as depending significantly on orienting to innovation and creativity along with following the people-oriented culture and strategy. The demand for hygiene products globally affects the unique mission of Saipo Company which is the contribution to improvement of living conditions in developing regions while affecting availability of soap products. The Impact of Readings To work out the effective name for a new company, it is necessary to focus on the creative approach. The role of creativity in the project identity and product development is emphasized in the research by Brattstrom, Lofsten, and Richtner. Thus, the research’s results influenced the process of developing the name and the further focus on the effective mission statement because the authors presented the detailed description of the product development process (Brattstrom, Lofsten, and Richtner 744).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, the development of a mission statement requires the concentration on the specific goals, functions, activities, and strategies followed and performed by the company. Paying attention to the research conducted by Cheung, Wong, and Lam, it is important to note that goal clarity and the focus on innovation along with creativity are the important factors to influence the brand’s success (Cheung, Wong, and Lam 690). That is why, these aspects should be taken into consideration while developing the effective mission statement. To develop the points associated with brand value, it is necessary to refer to the elements of the company’s organizational structure, culture, and performance in order to distinguish the aspects which contribute to the company’s uniqueness. The article by Cheung, Wong, and Lam and the research by Rauniar and Rawski are important to answer the questions about the Saipo Company’s mission, goal, and particular features of the enterprise’s performance with orienting to the profitable and charitable activities (Cheung, Wong, and Lam 690-691; Rauniar and Rawski 939). The readings on the aspects of the project development and specific organizational structures of companies to succeed within the market and industry are useful to decide what details should be accentuated in the mission and brand value statements to attract the target audience and poten tial investors. Brattstrom, Anna, Hans Lofsten, and Anders Richtner. â€Å"Creativity, Trust and Systematic Processes in Product Development†. Research Policy 41.1 (2012): 743-755. Print. Cheung, Sai On, Peter Wong, and Anna Lam. â€Å"An Investigation of the Relationship between Organizational Culture and the Performance of Construction Organizations†. Journal of Business Economics and Management 13.4 (2012): 688-704. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Saipo The Project Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rauniar, Rupak and Greg Rawski. â€Å"Organizational Structuring and Project Team Structuring in Integrated Product Development Project†. International Journal of Production Economics 135.1 (2012): 939-952. Print.

Current events paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Current events paper - Essay Example Managing adequate levels of inventory is important to ensure that the firm’s inventory balance does not hurt the cash position of a firm. In the retailing industry the merchandise in the shelves of the stores represent the inventory of the company. A way to reduce the cost of acquiring merchandise in the merchandising sector is by purchasing in bulk. Companies that purchase in bulk are able to achieve economies of scale. A way to reduce the risk of losing inventory due to fires, natural disasters, or theft is by purchasing insurance for the inventory of a company. The article Your Inventory is Your Cash: Handle With Care (4 Cost-Cutting Tips) discusses the effect and importance of inventory for companies in the industry. Smart use of inventory is an important factor that managers must consider. A lot of space, sales opportunities and cash are tied up on inventory. Storing adequate levels of inventory is important to achieve sales growth. â€Å"Smart use of inventory is vital for them and also for you, if you keep and store any kind of goods or supplies in the operation of your business† (Williams). Four strategies that must be used to manage inventory are frugality, cost tracking, inventory tracking, and sales monitoring. Proper management of inventory can increase the profitability and cash flow of a company. It is important to minimize the amount of slow selling products on inventory. Minimizing inventory saves warehouse space, prevents products from going bad, and it saves money. Tracking costs allows companies to establish appropri ate price levels for its customers. Monitoring costs gives managers the ability to identify areas for improvement. Tracking inventory can help a company determine the proper reorder point of inventory items. Sales monitoring gives the manager the ability to determine the adequate sales level when demand changes. Inventory management has become a critical

HR- Grievance and disciplinary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR- Grievance and disciplinary - Essay Example The two cases display the picture of what can happen in the real-life contract termination. There can be conflicts among the both parties which can potentially cost millions of pounds to the employer despite his efforts to prevent any breakdown in relationship with the workers and making sure that sanity surrounds the workplace and work environment. The best practice in employee termination is to give an employee proper warnings and compensation on his dismissal. Air Bus has rightly given the warning to Mr. Jones on his wasting time on work. He repeated his misconduct and one can say that Airbus was fair dismissing Mr. Jones. However, on the flipside of it there was no mention of any compensation paid to Mr. Jones. It has become an important norm for large employers like Airbus to pay around three month’s salaries to its employees in case of a dismissal. This would help the outgoing worker to sustain his family for the period for which he remains unemployed. However, there was no such mention of this kind of compensation payment in the case of Airbus and hence Mr. Jones can claim this compensation from the code. Although the law only asks for a lump sump payment, but the industry usually pays around three month’s salary and that should be paid to Mr. Jones. It was right on the part of Airbus to dismiss Mr. Jones a fter he was given second warning for wasting time on work. Although Mr. Jones insisted that the first warning has expired and hence Airbus Ltd cannot fire him. The law on the other hand would approve this firing because it was the second time Mr. Jones has made the same mistake and Airbus was right to penalize him. Hence, the only obligation on Airbus is to follow the market’s best practice and should compensate Mr. Jones for his services to the firm. The second case tells us about a strained relationship between the Chief Executive and Board of

High Speed 2 (HS2) (London Birmingham Phase) Assignment

High Speed 2 (HS2) (London Birmingham Phase) - Assignment Example High-speed rail is a type of transport mode, which uses electric rails to offer transport at a faster speed than the current carriage railway. It may have a speed ranging from 200km/h to 350km/h. The European Union considers high-speed railway to be equivalent to 200-300km/h, while in India and Australia they consider it 250-500km/h. In Japan, they have the 300km/h rails in operation. This type of train operates specifically on areas where there are minimum closings. Mostly high-speed trains are meant for human transport (Zhou and Shen, 2011). High-speed railway is an invention of the Japanese as Japan was the first country to design and use to help this form of transport to reduce congestion in their cities. They develop an electric rail, which was travelling at a speed of 145km/h. At that time, the Japanese engineers wanted to develop a form of train that was faster and reliable mode of transport to ease the congestion in cities of Tokyo and Osaka. In 1963, they were able to produce an electrical rail that operates at a speed of 256km/h, which was used including the time of Olympics in 1964. This train eased transport in Japan. In 1965, the Japanese and the French introduced a similar rail but United Kingdom became the first European country to have a regular service of rail, which travels at 200km/h in 1976.Since, then there has been a construction in various parts of Europe. There is also a construction of high-speed rail services between countries such as, Belgium, Britain, and France. There is a high-speed rail betw een London and Paris as well as Brussels –London (Zhou and Shen, 2011). Currently Japan and France are operating high-speed rails. France has a conventional rail, which operates at a speed of 575km/h. while France operates unconventional rail, which operates at a speed of 581km/h. China, which has the world largest population, has a rail that operates at a speed of 500km/h, and it became the

Debate on Auditor Independence

Debate on Auditor Independence Abstract Recently of corporate collapse in the US, Australia, and elsewhere, regulatory attention has been drawn to the published of auditor provided non-audit services (NAS) and audit client relationship. This assignment aims to debate on auditor independence by providing evidence regarding the relationship between non audit services and provide consulting services at a lower cost for their audit clients. In tracking the development and identify the key stages and the changes that took place in approaches to external auditing. The two listed companies selected for arguments are Enron Corporation versus Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Ltd. Enron Corporation (former NYSE ticker symbol ENE) was an American energy company based in Huston, Texas. It was one of the worlds leading electricity, nature gas, paper and communications companies.1 Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Ltd (Chartered) is one of the worlds top dedicated semiconductor foundries in Singapore. It provides comprehensive wafer fabrication services and technologies to semiconductor supplier and system companies. They are taken a reference for the arguments that influenced by the changes which have reported and analyses the effect. Research on non audit service provision impairs auditor independence, differential incentives drive auditor behavior. Introduction Auditor independence is a cornerstone of the auditing profession, a crucial element in the statutory corporate reporting process and a key prerequisite for the adding of value to an audited financial statement (Mautz and Sharaf, 1961). However, recent account scandals, involving corporations such as Enron in the US, HIH Insurance in Australia have cast doubt over the independence of auditors and overall value of auditing. These legislative interventions however have occurred despite limited and mixed empirical evidence of these proposed threats to auditor independence. Furthermore, some basic questions underlying this debate remain unresolved. For example, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ What factors influence a companys decision to purchase NAS from its incumbent auditor?2 The provision of NAS reduces investors judgments of auditor independence, audit quality and the attractiveness of the firm investment but not their auditor knowledge or financial statement reliability judgment. This assignment have consider two areas of literature which relating the theories and model of auditor independence. It also relevance on NAS found in current professional, regulatory frameworks, reviewed and summarized original theoretical and empirical studies but have excluded commentaries and opinion. The Big Five audit firms (Ernst Young, Arthur Anderson, Deloitte Touche, PricewaterhouseCoppers and KPMG) charger higher audit fees for initial engagement. It has prediction that where audit fees are disclosed publicly. The audit firms lower their audit fees to accept new clients when they also provide more lucrative non audit services. It is no actual loss of audit independence despite the loss of perceived independence of the Big 5 firms. The provision of NAS by audit firms for their audit clients are popular in the current market and continuous debate over auditor independence. NAS may include consulting service such as systems design, compliance-related service, taxation, book-keeping or other services relating to the accounting records or financial statement of the audit client; financial information systems design and implementation; actuarial service; internal audit outsourcing service; management functions or human resources; dealer and investment advisor The emerged from the Enron collapse has been the extent to which audit firms are providing NAS to their audit clients. The fees generated by NAS have been rising more rapidly than audit fees. This has led to widespread beliefs that provision of NAS can cause the auditors to compromise their independence. There are two main concerns which auditors may not stand up to management because they wish to retain the additional income from NAS which is in managements gift. Second provision of service to management may lead the auditor to indentify too closely with management and lose skepticism. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å" Contains the background and literature review à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å" Develops the hypotheses and research questions, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å" Contains the conclusions. Background and Literature Review Auditor must maintain independence in mental attitude in all matter relating to the assignment which stated by Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). Independence auditors furnish critical assurance that the financial statement have been examined by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an objective, impartial and skilled professionalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (SEC 2000,p.2). It look as a risk continue rather than an absolute and judgment about the seriousness of the threat to independence are balance against the effectiveness of the safeguards available. Independence maintained through external constraints (e.g, legislation and regulation) or through the profession itself which maintain the independence to preserve its market value (Kinney 1999). It appears uncertain of auditor ability to accept client pressure and emphasizing the effect of the economic interest. Its calls that consulting services as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the tail that wags the dogà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in the accounting industry (Investment New Article, Nov 20, 2000). The SEC announce the new rule that the auditor independence required to disclosure the audit fee in their proxy statement, the total fees billed for services rendered by the principal accountant (the external audit firm) disaggregated into three categories as audit services, information technology services and all other services. It reveals that nearly all firm purchase non audit services from their audit firm to their audit client. Although the big 5 auditing firm continue to maintain their independence is not impaired by these services , recently problems at Enron, WorldCom and other public firm brought accounting and auditing concerns to the attention of Congress and the public. Newly passed legislation prohibits NAS, including financial information services and internal auditing services (Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002). Non audit services (NAS) are defined as all services provided by an auditor that are not considered as an audit. The Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) reduce the number of non audit services that an auditor are required pre-approval by the audit committee of such extended engagement (Rouse, 2005). Most banned services related to consulting or advisory services that might create conflict of interests for independent auditors (Banham, 2003). The banned non audit services include: 1. Book-keeping or other services related to the accounting records or financial statements of the audit client. The auditor is considered not independent when he provides book-keeping services for audit client. It involves with an inherent conflict of interest, and auditor should examine accounting records or financial statements prepared appropriate. 2. Internal audit outsourcing services à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" under generally accepted auditing standards, the auditor is required to evaluate the effectiveness of internal control system over financial reporting, to create another example of conflict of interest. For example, Arthur Anderson provided the internal control function for Enron, before it was banned by 2000 SEC rule, and was blamed for not improving Enrons ineffective control system. 3. Expert services unrelated to audit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" providing an expert opinion or other expert service for audit client to advocating an audit client interests in litigation, regulatory, administrative proceeding and investigation. 4. Design and implementation of accounting information systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" its creating inherent conflict of interest as an auditor is required to evaluate the effectiveness of accounting system in designed or implemented. Installing a computerized accounting system for client was immensely popular consulting services in many big accounting firms. 5. Management functions acting temporarily or permanently, as director, officer, employee of an audit client in performing any decision making, supervisory or ongoing monitoring function for audit client. These services can provide by the incumbent audit firm or external audit firm. This research on auditor independence under these conditions identifies the following issues. The provision NAS likely lead to a lack of actual independence and therefore lead to audit failure. Hypotheses and Research One of the major public concerns which emerged from the Enron collapse has been the extent to which audit firms are providing non audit services (NAS) to their audit clients. In 1997, Enron engaged Arthur Andersen as its External Auditor. Subsequently, Enron appointed Arthur Anderson as consultant also. Enron paid Andersen $52 million in 2000 in both auditing and consulting services including development of computerized financial system for conducting Enrons internal audit, but majority for consulting services. There have been many criticize about the potential conflict of interest faced by audit firms who received large consultancy fees from their audit client (e.g. Financial time 2001a). Its expressed about how auditor with a statutory responsibility to company shareholders can handle a commercial relationship with the companys management and remain impartial (e.g. financial Times, 2001b). Andersen leaders responded by pushing partners to become salesman, its to upsetting the delicate balancing act any auditor must perform between a client and looking out for the public investor. Peoples have forgotten their significant responsibility not only to clients but also to investor, creditors and the public, etc. These issues by attacking the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“specific symptoms of the audit breakdown that occurred in the Enron Caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Gavious, 2007,pg458), Arthur Anderson whose Enron client found to have encouraged clients to use accounting techniques to mislead and deceive the market (Gavious,2007). Enron select to use a method of fair value accounting that misleading, overstated profits in the current period. These accounting techniques were employed by Enron on the advice of Arthur Anderson and it was the employment of these techniques that ultimately led to the organisations collapse (Benston, 2006) . Due to IT and other frauds which investors lost confidence in market (Crasewell, 1999). Its beliefs that provision of NAS cause the auditors to compromise their independence. Andersen has been severely criticised for significant economic and its independence has been questioned form two point of view à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" significant economic dependence on Enron due to the party designing accounting and tax structures, and therefore it could not express an objective view on Enrons results. The two main concerns are auditor may not stand up to management because they wish to retain the additional income from NAS which is in management gift, and second the provision of a range of services to management may lead the auditor to identify too closely with management and lose skepticism. Thus, auditor independence is fundamental to public confidence in the audit process and reliability of auditor report. However, the problem facing the auditing profession is not a lack of actual independence and objectivity rather it is the lack of confidence in financial statements. Public confidence in a companys financial statements will only be achieved by companies remaining completely separate to their audit firms (Ronen and Cherny,2002). Thereby increasing the auditors perceived independence. While Chartered engagement of KPMG as its external auditor to perform non audit services which management must consider the actual, perceived and potential impact upon the independence of external audit prior to engaging external audit to undertake any non audit services. Chartered have established the Audit Committee of the Supervisory Board (Audit Committee.) to oversight of Companys financial position. Its responsible to supervising the operation of the internal risk management and control system, codes of conduct, compliance with recommendation and observation of internal and external auditor. In contrast, audit committee of Chartered have to consider whether the provision of such non audit services is compatible with maintaining the external auditors independence, by obtaining assurance and confirmation that the additional services provided by external auditor are not in conflict with the audit process. The audit committee has authority in independent audit are to be-approved with information sufficient to enable Audit Committee to know as follows: the precisely what services it is being asked to pre-approved, know that any non audit service to be performed is a permissible non audit service made a well-reasoned assessment of the impact of the proposed service on the auditor independence. The external auditors are prohibited from providing specified non audit service contemporaneously with providing audit services to Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing, including:- bookkeeping or services related to accounting records or financial statements financial information system design and implementation internal audit outsourcing services legal services an expert service unrelated to the audit Audit committee has clarified and added further prohibited activities for the external auditor. By focus of the importance of Audit Committee in control and supervise the activities of the external auditors. This section, Audit Committee is the plans to strengthen the independence accountants are truly independence thus and will give greater credibility to audits. In this research, Enron should have formed an audit committee to oversight the company and prevent any fraud which collapse to bankruptcy which compare with Chartered, although the audit firm provide non audit services, but they have a stronger and capability audit committee to oversight the company financial position. Conclusion In the debate on auditor independence, the first matter that is usually raised is the provision of non audit services to audit client. To be able to perform their task of providing independence and objective assurance to shareholders, auditor must act independently. It is argued that by providing non-audit services to the audit client, the auditors independence and objectivity is impaired. In term of codes of ethics all over the world, it is not only necessary for auditors to be independence, but there is also a need for auditors to be seen to be independent, and even a perception of a conflict can compromise his or her position. It behooves the auditor therefore never to get into such a situation. If one examines the research, there is little empirical evidence that proves that the provision of non audit services actually impairs independence, but one must concede that it is difficult to prove. Recent corporate failures have brought this issue very much under the spotlight again. As a profession, we should not underestimate the public feeling and the strong view held by governments on this issue. The rule of fundamentally change the way auditing profession does its business as following: Fundamental shift in regulating accounting industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" from the primarily self-regulated environment to public regulation approach. A new set of independence rules and regulations affects the accounting profession directly in performing audit engagement. A new independent public oversight board now has the direct authority to police audit process, auditing standards, and disciplinary measure on auditors, including registering public accounting firms that issue audit report for publicly(trade companies), establishing auditing, quality control, ethics, independence, and other standards relating to the preparation of audit reports conducting inspections of registered public accounting firms conducting investigations and disciplinary proceeding and imposing appropriate sanctions on audit firms and auditors. An independent oversight board (IOB) set up by Andersen in the US , after the Enron problems emerged but before the firm collapsed, recommended that some consulting services provided by the firm should be separated into partnerships managed independently form audit partners and without financial independence to audit clients. Recommendation was strengthen of internal quality control over auditing thought out the firm. Beside this its create an independent regulatory oversight agency for accounting industry. Now no truly independent agency with the authority, power or will to enforce penalties against illegal. While the Public Oversight Board was a nominally independent private body that set standards for the industrys self-regulatory schemes, it was never truly independent. The finding comes from the America Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Thus, in summary I conclude that since such evidence as there is indicates that there is no correlation between levels of non-audit fee and audit failure, comprehensive safeguards are already applied, and rigorous separation of non-audit services seems likely to increase the cost and reduce the quality of the audit, the suggestion should not be pursued. Assuming no undue overall economic dependence results from the auditor/client relationship and adequate safeguards can be implemented, we believe that companies themselves should determine whether they use auditors for non audit services, in consultation with the professions guidelines. References 1. Enron profile Available at : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron 2. Ashbaugh, H.,R.LaFond,and B.Mayhew.2003. Do non-auidt services compromise auditor independence? Further evidence. The Accounting Review 78: 611-639.

Averting Problems in the New Millennium Essay -- Technology

Averting Problems in the New Millennium As we approach the end of this century, many people have raised concerns regarding the serious issues surrounding the Y2K problems. Although no one knows precisely what will happen on January 1, 2000, the general opinion is that Y2K related problems will cause failures of basic services including utilities, water and phone service. Contrary to popular opinion, I believe that the Y2K problems will have more of a positive effect on our society because it has caused us to analyze more carefully, the data and the technology we rely on in everyday situations. In addition, the new millennium will usher an era of tremendous opportunities for technological advancements in our society. In other words, the current preparations to avert a Y2K crisis, has given us an advantage which will minimize technological breakdowns in the future and create new technology which will ensure a relatively smooth transition into the new millennium. The main focus of our concerns regarding the Y2K crisis is the fact that we know precisely when it is scheduled to begin and "this appointment with destiny cannot be postponed or avoided" (Jeffrey 10). During the past eighteen months, we have been bombarded with extensive information in the media regarding the Y2K problem including predictions on how it will impact our society. This problem can be traced back to approximately forty years ago, when programmers in the fledging computer industry made a fateful decision to save memory and space by recording year dates with only two digits. Unfortunately, no one anticipated that these early computer programs and mainframes would still be using these systems in 1999. As a result, this technological glitch may cause compute... ...other utilities, hopefully for short periods and the worst case scenario, could be a few weeks. However, these incidents will not translate into doomsday proportions and will not mean the "end of the world" as we know it. There is less reason to panic over Y2K because unlike the many natural disasters that we experienced in the United States we were able to proactively address this crisis. I am certain that we will witness one of the best New Year's Eve celebration in this century as the Waterford crystal ball is expected to drop and glow " 2000" in brilliant lights and the city lights will stay on. Works Cited Gould, Stephen Jay. Questioniung the Millennium. New York: Harmony Books, 1999. Seymour, Jim PC Magazine. "The Year 2000 Countdown" New York: April 1999. Jeffrey, Grant R. The Millennium Meltdown. Toronto: Frontier Research Publication, Inc., 1998.